References are placed alphabetically

Abei Y, Nelson S, Amberman D, and Hans M G. 2004 ‘Comparing orthodontic treatment outcome between orthodontists and general dentists with the ABO index’. Am J OrthodDentofacial Orthop 2004;126:544-8. Material 126 dental casts of patients treated by OS and 70 treated by GPs. “A significantly lower ABOI score was found for patients treated by OSs compared with patients treated by GPs”.

Abrahamsson C, Ekberg E, Henrikson T, Nilner M, Sunzel B, and Bondemark L. TMD in Consecutive Patients Referred for Orthognathic Surgery. Angle Orthod. 2009;79:621-627.Objective: To answer the question whether temporo mandibular disorders (TMD) were more common in a group of individuals referred for orthognathic surgery than in a control group. 121 consecutive patients referred for orthognathic surgery. “Patients who were to be treated with orthognathic surgery had more signs and symptoms of TMD and higher frequency of diagnosed TMD”. JM sure the maxilla was back in all of them.

Ackerman,D. “A natural history of the senses”.  Cornell University. 1990. Handsome cadets achieve higher rank by the time they graduate 

Akcam M O and Takada K. 2002. Fuzzy modelling for selecting headgear types. European Journal of Orthodontics 24: 99-106. “A computer-assisted inference model for selecting appropriate types of headgear appliance”. 8 experienced orthodontists judged the model and 6 of them “were satisfied with the recommendations of the system”. In reality this model does little more than reflect current opinions of orthodontists in Turkey, some of whom clearly believe headgear should be considered for overjets of just a few millimeters. 30 years ago they would have probably suggested cervical headgear. 

Ajmera S, Venkatesh S, Ganeshkar SV. Volumetric Root resorption during orthodontic treatment evaluation of root resorption during orthodontic treatment. J Clin Orthod2014;48:113-9. The CBCT images were used to assess root damage. Root volume decreased in every tooth, with significantly greater losses in the lateral incisors. Root volume loss was greatest for the incisors on the palatal aspect of the root, and greatest for the canines on the distal aspect of the root, most likely due to concentration of forces in those areas during en-masse retraction. Resorption

Alarashi, M, Franchi, L;Marinelli Andrea, and Defraia B. 2003. Morphometric Analysis of the Transverse Dentoskeletal Features of Class 11 Malocclusion in the Mixed Dentition. Angle Orthod 73:21-25. 49 class II age 7y 9m compared to normal controls. Class 11 malocclusion exhibited significant shape differences in craniofacial configuration in the frontal plane when compared with subjects with normal occlusion. “Shape variations in Class II subjects mainly consisted of a contraction of the maxilla at both the skeletal and the dento alveolar levels and a narrowing of the base of the nose at the maxilla”. “The reduction in maxillary dento-skeletal width was associated with an increase in the vertical height of the maxilla”.

Vertical Growth. young

Al-Buraiki H, Sadowsky C, and Schneider B. The effectiveness and long-term stability of overbite correction with incisor intrusion mechanics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2005; 127:47-55. A retrospective study of Andrew Haas’s patients 4 years out of retention. 25 non-ext subjects with mean overbite 5.9 mm (class II div 2 excluded). Rickets style lever arches to intrude Mand and Max incisors. Cervical Head-Gear was used to correct class II. Matching control of Deep-Bite patients was taken from Bolton Study Group. Conclusions. “A post-retention overbite of 2.6mm is an excellent clinical achievement”. Root resorbtion not mentioned. JM very concerned that increase in facial height of treated group (9.1mm) was nearly twice that of the untreated controls (5.3 mm). Thus a 3.3mm reduction in deep bite was gained at the expense of a 3.8mm increase in facial height. Vertical.

Alder EA, 1981. Regenerated Human Mandibular Condyle.  Aust Dental Journal, 26:216-217.

Describe new growth TMD JM to get. ******************

Alexander SA 1993 The effect of fixed and functional appliances on enamel decalcifications in early Class II treatment  Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 103:45-7.  The presence of enamel decalcifications before and after early Class II treatment was examined on 41.  “Patients wearing a headgear and biteplate 25% displayed enamel lesions”. “Remineralization was better achieved with an appliance that was capable of being removed from the oral cavity”

Alessandri-Bonet^–G, D’Anto V, Stipa C, Rongo R, Incerti-Parenti S, and Michelotti A.European Journal of Orthodontics, 2017, 482-488. Dentoskeletal effects of oral appliance wear in obstructive sleep apnoea and snoring patients. To evaluate the dentoskeletal changes associated with long-term and continuous mandibular advancement device (MAD) use in 20 sleep-related breathing disorder patients over 3.5 years. They found a significant increase in vertical growth and lower incisor retrusion. Apnea Apnooea breathing

Alhaija ESJA, Al Zo’ubi IA, AL Rousan ME and Hammad MM. 2010. Maximum occlusal bite forces in Jordanian individuals with different dentofacial vertical skeletal patterns.European Journal of Orthodontics 32:71-77. This study was carried out to record maximum occlusal bite force (MBF) in Jordanian students with three different facial types: short, average, and long. Sixty dental students (30 males and 30 females) were divided into three equal groups based on the maxillomandibular planes angle (MaxlMand) and degree of anterior overlap: parafunctional habits, were recorded. The average MBF was higher in patients with premature contacts than those without (JM: Contarary to first thoughts but could be result of excessive parafunction), while it did not differ in subjects with different types of functional occlusion or in the presence of parafunctional habits (TBT ???)

Ali A, Richmond S,  Popat H, Playle R, Pickles T, Zhurov A, Marshall D, RosinP, Henderson J, and Bonuck K. The influence of snoring, mouth breathing and apnoea on facial morphology in late childhood: a three-dimensional study. BMJ Open. 2015; 5(9): e009027. Material 1724 children with sleep disordered breathing (SDB) and 1862 healthy children. Results, “The odds of children exhibiting symptoms of SDB increased significantly with respect to increased face height and mandible angle”. JM says they need early Orthotropics.

Almeida F R de, Lowe AA, Sung JO, Tsuiki S, and Otsukad R. Long-term sequellae of oralappliance therapy in obstructive sleep apnea patients: Part 1. Cephalometric analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2006; 129: 195-204. Material, 71 patients who had worn adjustable mandibular repositioners to treat snoring or sleep apnea were evaluated after 7 years. Results”. “Decreased overbite and increased mandibular plane angle”. “OSAs appear to cause changes in tooth positions that also might affect mandibular posture”.Apnoea, 

Orthognathic Surgery and Temporomandibular Disorders. Al-Moraissi EA, Wolford LM, Perez D, Laskin DM, Ellis E 3rd. Does orthognathic surgery cause or cure temporomandibular disorders? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017 Mar 24. “Surgery may or may not improve pre-existing signs and symptoms of TMD”. TMJ

Al-Taal N, Alfatlawi F, Ransjo M, and Fakhry S. Effect of rapid maxillary expansion on monosymptomatic primary nocturnal enuresis. Angle Orthod. 2015;85: 1 02-1 08. Objective: To evaluate the effects of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) on nocturnal enuresis (NE). 19 patients with NE, aged 6-15. First treated with a passive appliance then RME after which “all patients showed full dryness after 3 years”. Bed wetting.

Al Yami,EA, Kuijpers-Jagtman,AM and Van’t Hof,MA.1998. “Assessment of dental and facial aesthetics in adolescents”.  European Journal of Orhtodontics. 20:399-405.  144 children were “chosen” from records at Nijmegen orthodontic department. Facial aesthetics was judged by Peerlings scale and dental aesthetics by IOTN.  No significant link was seen between facial and dental aesthetics except in severe malocclusions.  “Facial aestheticsimproved in the group treated orthodontically”.  JM would like to know how the cases were “Chosen”.  A single case is shown to illustrate a lack of dependence, where the face deteriorated. (F damage)

Anderson BL, Thompson GW, and Popovich F. 1975. Evolutionary Dental Changes. American Journal of Physical Anthropology.43: 95-102. Found number of mandibular first molar cusps and the presence of third molars were significantly related to jaw length. They assumed evolution but JM sure environmental. See also Yamaguchi et al 2001 and Haruki et al 1997.

Angle E, Malocclusion of the teeth. 6th Edition page 198, Philadelphia: SS White Manufacturing, 1900. The author can conceive of but two reasons for extraction in this class. First, where the jaws are so small, either naturally or because of arrested development, that the angles of inclination would be too great if all the teeth were placed in line. Second, where extraction is necessary from the requirements of the facial lines.  

Angle E  1907 ‘Treatment of malocclusion of the Teeth’. 7^th Edition Philadephia, SS White.  “We are just beginning to recognize how universal and varied the harmful habits of the tongue and lips are, how powerful and persistent their influence is in the production and maintenance of occlusal anomalies, how difficult they are to cope with, and how little prospect for success a treatment has as long as these habits are not eliminated.”

Anic-Milosevic S, Varga S, Mestrovic S, Lapter-Varga M and Slaj M. 2009. Dental and occlusal features in patients with palatally displaced maxillary canines. European Journal a/Orthodontics 31 (2009) 367-373. “Dental casts of 36 females, 14 males, with unilateral and bilateral POCs aged 14-16, compared with a control group of 25 males and 25 females of the same age with normally erupted maxillary canines. POCs occurred most frequently in subjects with Class I”. “A clear association between palatal impaction of the maxillary canine and anomalous or congenital tooth absence”. “There was no statistically significant difference between the groups with regard to the maxillary transverse dimensions, maxillary MO widths, or palatal height for either gender”. Impacted.

Anmol S Kalha. Director and Coordinator, Centre for Evidence Based Dentistry, Davangere, India. Evidence Based Dentistry 2003: Page 8. “The inadequacy of suitable evidence has dogged orthodontics”. Knocking Copy. Poor research

Antoun, J., Cameron, C., Sew Hoy, W., Herbison, P., & Farella, M. Evidence of secular trends in a collection of historical craniofacial growth studies The European Journal of Orthodontics, 2014; 37: 60-66. SNA decreased by 0.2 degrees/year for children born in 1923, but decreased by -0.025 degrees/year for a child born in 1965.

Antonarakls G.S, Kjellberg H, and Kiliaridis S. Bite force and its association with stability following Class II div 1 functional appliance treatment. European Journal of Orthodontics 2013;35:434-441. To study pre-treatment maximal molar bite force as a predictive variable in determining post-treatment changes and stability following functional appliance treatment in Class 11 malocclusion. Twenty-eight followed for at least 1 year post-treatment. Maximal molar bite force measurements, lateral cephalograms, and study casts before treatment, and after treatment. Thirteen children showed relapse while 15 did not. Unstable group demonstrated a lower bite force, and more obtuse gonial angle, than the stable group. The gonial angle was found to be negatively correlated to maximal molar force and may be a cephalometric indicator of weakness of the masticatory muscles. Muscle tone, strength, forecasting. 

Arat ZM, Gokalp H; Atasever T, and Tiirkkahraman H. 2003.  ^99mTechnetium-Labeled Methylene Diphosphonate Uptake in Maxillary Bone During and After Rapid Maxillary Expansion. The bone activity during and after rapid expansion was tested on three adolescents. “The retention period of three months was sufficient for bone reorganization”.Angle Orth 73: 545-549.

Ashhan M. Ertan Erdiny and Banu Dinyer. 2004. Perception of pain during orthodontictreatment with fixed appliances. European Journal of Orthodontics 26:79-85. 109 patients, age 13 to 15, with 0.014 or 0.016 inch wire. Surprisingly 0.014 caused most pain. 43% required pain relief. Initial pain was perceived at 2 hours, peaked at 24 hours and had decreased by day 3. damage

Atac ATA, KLarasu HA and Aytac D. 2006. Surgically Assisted Rapid Maxillary Expansion Compared with Orthopedic Maxillary Expansion. Angle Orthod 2006; 76:353-359.10 patients average age 15.5 years with out surgery and 10 patients average age 19 years with lateral osteotomies. “There is no difference in patient response” between the two groups. They arbitrarily state that in older patients “Surgically assisted maxillary expansion is unavoidable … because of the patients skeletal maturity”. (JM strongly disagrees). They also found the surgery increased the posterior rotation (bad) but not in the younger non-surgical group. RME

Axelsson S, Kjrer I, Bjornland T and Storhaug K (2003). Longitudinal cephalometric standards for the neurocranium in Norwegians from 6 to 21 years of age. European Journal of Orthodontics. 25:185-198. Material. 35 Norwegian males and 37 females ‘normal’ untreated. Profiles every third year from 6 to 21 years of age. Saddle Angle, SNBa reduced from 130.8 to 127.6 for males and from 130.8 to 130.5 for females.

Baccetti T, Franchi L, McNamara JA Jr, Tollaro. Early dentofacial features of Class II malocclusion: a longitudinal study from the deciduous through the mixed dentition. .Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1997;111:502-9. 25 untreated subjects with Class II malocclusion in the deciduous dentition compared with a control group of 22 untreated subjects with idealocclusion The Class II group in the deciduous dentition had an average interarch transverse discrepancy due to a narrow maxillary arch relative to the mandible. All occlusal Class II features were maintained or became exaggerated. There were significantly greater maxillary growth increments and smaller increments in mandibular dimensions in the Class II sample and a greater downward and backward inclination of the condylar axis.  Results “indicate that the clinical signs of Class II malocclusion are evident in the deciduous dentition and persist into the mixed dentition”. Early treatment.

Baccetti T, Franchi L, Cameron GC,and McNamara JA.2001. Treatment Timing for Rapid Maxillary Expansion. 42 patients divided into two groups, compared to a control sample of 20. Angle Orthodontist, Vol 71, No 5. “Treatment outcomes were evaluated before and after the peak in skeletal maturation. Included transverse measurements on dentoalveolar structures, maxillary and mandibular bases and other craniofacial regions”.“Rapid Maxillary Expansion treatment before the peak in skeletal growth velocity is able to induce more pronounced transverse craniofacial changes at the skeletal level”.Early treatment

Baccetti T, Mucedero M, Leonardi M, C and Cozza P. 2009. Interceptive treatment of palatal impaction of maxillary canines with rapid maxillary expansion: A randomized clinical trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2009;136:657-661. 60 subjects in the early mixed dentition with palatally displaced canines diagnosed on posteroanterior radiographs. Age range at the first observation (f1) was 7.6to 9.6 years, randomly allocated to the treatment group (TG. 35 subjects) or the no-treatment group (NTG. 25 subjects). The TG was treated with a banded rapid maxillary expander; after expansion. all patients were retained with the expander in place for 6 months. Thereafter the expander was removed. and the patients wore a retention plate at night for a year. 3 dropouts in each group. No statistically significant differences were found for any variable at T1. Results The prevalence rates of successful eruption of the maxillary canines were 65.7% (21 subjects) in the TG and 13.6% (3 subjects) in the NTG (P <0.001). Interestingly “Subjects with palatally displaced canines in the early mixed dentition do not have transverse deficiency of the maxillary arch”. Impacted.

Babcock 1911. The Screw Expansion Plate. The Dental record page 588. Describes the use of his appliance.

Baker R A. ‘Cause for concern: BDA v GDC’. British Dental Journal 2018; 224: 769-776. ”In my lifetime regulation has changed from lose minimalism to rigid direction. Why? Perhaps because it saves lives”. JM comments. ‘Possibly but it restricts development’.

Bakor SF, Enlow,DH, Pontes P, and De Biase NG. Craniofacial growth variations in nasal-breathing, oral-breathinq, and tracheotomized 2011. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011 ;140:486-92. 3 groups of 10 each. “Patients having predominantly oral breathing had smaller maxillary widths, mandibular widths, and facial widths compared with nasal breathers (5%) and those who had been tracheotomized (6%)”. “Modification of the breathing pattern can influence mandibular posture as well as the activity of the masseter and suprahyoid muscles”“The electrical activity from the suprahyoid muscles in maximum dental occlusion was significantly greater in the oral breathing and tracheotomized patients compared with the nasal group”. JM assumes tracheotomised children naturally keep their mouths closed but have similar tongue action as open mouthed, or is their tongue more against the palate than nasal breathers.

Baldini A, Nota A, Santarlello C, Assl V, Ballanti F and Cozza P. Influence of activation protocol on perceived pain during rapid maxillary expansion. Angle Orthod. 2015;85:1015-1020. Objective: To investigate the influence of two different activation protocols on the timing and intensity of pain during rapid maxillary expansion (RME). Materials and Methods: A total of 112 prepubertal patients (54 males and 58 females, mean age 11.00 ± 1.80 years) (group 1: one activation/day; group 2: two activations/day). Patients were provided with a numeric rating scale (NRS) and the Faces Pain Scale (FPS) to correctly assess their daily pain. Results: Subjects treated with RME at two activations/day reported statistically significantly greater amounts of pain than subjects treated with RME at one activation/day. 

Ballard D J, Jones A S, Petocz P, and Darendeliler M A. 2009. Physical properties of root cementum: Part 11. Continuous vs intermittent controlled orthodontic forces on root resorption. A microcomputed-tomography study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2009;\36:8-9 Introduction: There is still ambiguity about whether continuous or intermittent orthodontic forces produce more root resorption. This prospective randomized clinical trial was designed to compare root resorption. A sample of 16 maxillary first premolars from 8 patients. Conclusions: Intermittent force (225 cN) “3 days of rest, then 4 days of force application repeated for 6 weeks caused less root resorption than continuous forces for 8 weeks”. RCT expansion

Baltromejus S, Rut S and Pancherz H. 2002.Effective temporomandibular joint growth and chin position changes: Activator versus Herbst treatment. A cephalometric roentgenographic study. Successfully!! treated Class II division 1 patients (40 Activator and 98 Herbst). “The Activator group showed an anterior rotation and the Herbst group a slight posteriorrotation of the mandible”. “However, the Herbst appliance renders more favourable sagittallyorientated treatment”. The MM angle  reduces with Activator treatment because the ramus lengthens. JM sure the Twin Block is the same and that both open up Gonial angle.

Behrents R G. An Atlas of Growth in the Aging Craniofacial Skeleton, Craniofacial Growth Series Monograph 18. University of Michigan Ann Arbor, 1985

Bassarelli T, Dalstra M and Melsen B. 2005. Changes in clinical crown height as a result of transverse expansion of the maxilla in adults. European Journal of Orthodontics, 27: 121-128. Retrospective study casts from two groups of 50 adult patients. In one group an average transverse ‘slow’ expansion of 3 mm while the other had no expansion. All were completed with fixed appliances. “No significant increase in buccal crown height could be identified”.There was no significant gingival recession. “The increased complexity of the mid-palatal suture and the increased rigidity of the adjacent facial sutures, observed with ageing, do not allow for widening of the maxillary complex (Melsen, 1975; Persson and Thilander, 1977)”.

Battagel, J.M.  1996.  “The use of tensor analysis to investigate facial changes in treated Class II division 1 malocclusions”.  European Journal of Orthodontics.  18: 41-54.  Sixty two children with overjets in excess of 10mm treated with Frankel appliances and 30 children treated with Edgewise mechanics but “no consideration had been given to ultimate facial aesthetics”.  “Both fixed and functional appliance treatment of Class II division 1 malocclusions are accompanied by exaggerated vertical facial growth“.  “Better control of these growth vectors would enhance treatment success.”  “The maxillary retraction associated with the Edgewise approach contributes to the poorer aesthetic result.”  “the vertical changes are not easily detected by conventional cephalometric investigations”. Facial damageDamon.

Baumrind S, Korn, EL, and West, EE. Profile Xrays Prediction of mandibular rotation: an empirical test of clinician performance. American Journal of Orthodontics 1984: 86; 371–385. “Standard Cephalometric measurements.failed to identify potential  backward rotators at a rate significantly better than chance” Rickets was one of those who took part. Xray cephalometric 

Bayda S, Yavuz I, Durna N and Ceylan I. 2004. An investigation of cervicovertebralmorphology in different sagittal skeletal growth patterns.European Journal of Orthodontics 26 43-49. Lateral head films of 90 untreated subjects13-15 years, in natural head position, divided into three groups of 30, Class I, II, and III. The final discriminant model was able to classify correctly 20 of the 30 Class I subjects (66.7 per cent), 17 of the 30 Class 11 subjects {56.7 per cent), and 12 of the 30 Class III subjects (40.0 per cent). JM says either the vertebra influence the jaw relationship, or it influences the vertebra, or something else influences them both (posture perhaps).

I have to agree with Prof John Mew on the extended breast eeding and Orofacial development. I did suffer a lot through the first 2 years of breast feeding with my 3rd child, and didn’t get the diagnosed tongue tie treated. At the time I didn’t want to put my baby through the weeks of wound stretching afterwards. This same child is now 4 and still breast feeding. His craniofacial development is perfect. He nasal breathes night and day, and has great dental arch formation. Tongue ties

Beattie, Paquette and Johnston 1994. “The functional impact of extraction and non-extraction treatments: A long-term comparison in patients with “borderline” equally susceptible Class II malocclusions.  American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 105: 444-449. A study of TMD based on a recall of 2500 patients of whom 63 (2½ %) were included.  The negative finding was “The present data therefore fail to support the popular notion that pre-molar extraction causes TMJ”.  

Begg,P.R. & Kesling, P.C.  1977 “Malocclusion in aboriginal and civilised man”. Begg orthodontic theory and technique. W.B.Saunders. Philadelphia..

Behrents R. 1985. Growth in the Aging SCraniofacial Skeleton. Center for \Human Growth and Development University of Michigan. Suggested that faces and especially the nose continued to grow in old age. JM suggested to him that he was superimposing on SN and that tended to tilt down especially as the motor tone was lost in old age.

Behrents, R.G., 1992 ‘TMJ research: Responsibility and risk.’ American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics.101: 1-3.  “Can an institution investigate itself”‘.

Bendeus M. and Hagg, U.  1999  “Treatment Effects With the Head Gear Activator”  European Journal of Orthodontics. 21:573.  “The change in basal relationship is due to restraint of the maxilla only”.

Benington PCM, & Hunt NP. 1994. “Masseter Muscle Volume and Cranial Morphology”.   Brit JO 21: 407-408.  4 adult males 6 females with wide variety of facial form.  Volume was highly significantly correlated with low MM angles, increased posterior face height and mandibular prognathism.  “Decreased volume was associated with the features of the Long Face Syndrome”.

Benington,PCM, Gardener,JE, and Hunt, NP.  1999. Masseter Muscle volume measured using ultrasonography and its relationship with facial morphology.  European Journal of Orthodontics. 21: 659-670.  Ten young adult orthodontic patients selected to represent different discrepancies. “Steeply inclined mandibular plane, a small posterior face height and an increased gonial angle were strongly related to short, thin masseter muscles of low volume.” “Long thick muscles of high volume were related to the converse features”.

Ben-Bassat Y, and Brin I. 2003. Skeletodental patterns in patients with multiple congenitally missing teeth. 115 subjects with at least 3 CMT. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 124:521-525. “The maxillary and mandibular basal bones were more retruded than in normal populations but the intermaxillary relationship was normal”. “The profile was flatter than in the normal Israeli population but more convex than the classical norms”. “In the vertical dimension, the study group exhibited a reduced Frankfort mandibular plane angle when compared with Israeli norms”. “The dental pattern was characterized by upright incisors”. JM’s comments Missing incisors were most common when the retrusion was severe. The authors are clearly trying to find a genetic answer for their findings, but it could just as easily be explained by a reduction of space for the dental lamina if the jaws are back. They talk of a more convex profile but these patients had a ‘flatter’ profile and so can not have been due to the midface being forward. Obviously the mandible was back. The patients in this study had a reduced vertical height and upright incisors which were probably associated with a good muscle tone and a tongue between-tooth oral posture. This condition is also associated with a lateral open bite and missing teeth. Annodontia infraocclusion

Ben-Bassat Y and Brin I. 2009. Skeletal and dental patterns in patients with severe congenital absence of teeth. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2009; 135:349-56. A group of 28 children with at least 10 congenitally missing teeth. “Patients with severe congenital absence of teeth have bimaxillary retrognathism, decreased chin angle, and upright maxillary incisors, when compared with the classic norms”.

Bergland, O. The Bony Nasopharynx: a roentgen-craniometric study. Acta Odont. Scandinav. 1963:21. Showed Northern Europeans has very similar cranial dimensions as native Australians. Stone age, pre-civilized, anthropology.

Bernabe E, del Castillo C E, and Flores-Mirb C. 2005. Intra-arch occlusal indicators of crowding in the permanent dentition. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2005; 128 :220-5. “Although tooth size and arch dimensions are indicators of crowding, arch length is the most important factor”.

Bernabe E, Sheiham A, and de Oliveira C M. 2008. Impacts on Daily Performances Related to Wearing Orthodontic Appliances: A Study on Brazilian Adolescents. Angle Orth 78: 482-486. 357, 15 to 16 years olds. “Impacts were higher among adolescents wearing fixed rather than removable”. Appliances, cooperation, age. JM thinks, younger children better.

Berneburg M, Zeyher C, Merkle T, Maller M, Schaupp E, and Goz G. 2010. Orthodontic Findings in 4- to 6-year-old Kindergarten Children from Southwest Germany. J OrofacOrthop 71: 174-186. 2015 kindergarten children (1048 male, 967 female) aged between 4 and 6 years were examined and divided into three age groups. “61.6% of the 4-year-olds, 58.4% of the 5-year-olds and 50.9% of the 6-year-old children had one or two malocclusions”. “As increased overjets and open bites often diminish spontaneously with increasing age, it is sufficient to start treating these malocclusions at the end of 5 years of age once dysfunctions have been eliminated”. Only Class IIIs became worse. (JM thinks due to developing lip seal).

Betzenburger D, Ruf S, and Pancherz H. 1999.  “The Compensatory Mechanism in High Angle Malocclusions: A comparison of Subjects in the Mixed and Permanent Dentition”. The Angle Orhtodontist 69:27-32.  Dentoalveola compensation was accomplished by relative increases in maxillary and mandibular anterior dentoalveola heights.  “Both upper and lower jaws became more crowded”.  The influencing factors seem to be “mouth breathing and other oral habits”. Vertical.

Bishara,SE, and Jakobsen, JR.  1997. “Profile changes in patients treated with and without extractions: Assessments by lay people”. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dento-facial Orthopedics. 112: 639-644.  “When based on proper diagnostic criteria the post treatment changes in the facial profile were perceived as favourable in both the extraction and non-extraction Class II division 1 groups when compared to the pre-treatment profile”. 44 subjects 

were selected from “well treated” patients and “poor” treatment results were excluded. “Photographs in which there was evidence of mentalis muscle activity (puckered or flattened chin) were excluded“.  This obviously excluded those with open mouth postures from the final results although this exclusion does not seem to have been applied at the start of the study. .(f damage)

Bjerklin Krister . 2000. Follow-Up Control of Patients with Unilateral Posterior Cross-Bite Treated with Expansion Plates or the Quad-Helix Appliance. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics.  61:112-124.  22 children in each of the treated groups. Two children in the plate group and 1 child in the quad-helix group discontinued the treatment. Two children treated with the quad-helix appliance and 1 child in the plate group could not be reached for the follow-up registration, so the collective finally consisted of 30 boys and 27 girls: 19 subjects in the plate group, 19 in the quad-helix group and 19 controls In all children, the posterior cross-bite was corrected by the end of the treatment. At the last registration, the corrected posterior cross-bite had relapsed in 1 child in the plate group and in 3 children in the quad-helix group. The degree of expansion was similar for both groups. The mean treatment time was longer in the plate group than in the quad-helix group: 12.5 months and 7.7 months respectively. The molars tilted more in the Quad-Helix group. JM says could be the result of appl or time.

Bjork. A. The Face in Profile, Lund, Berlingska Boktryckeniet. 1947.

Bjork,A. “Sutural growth of the upper face studied by the implant method.”  Acta OdontScand. 24:109-127. 1966.  The mean angle of maxillary growth obtained by superimposing serial radiographs on the upper facial structures and measuring the movement of the implants just below the anterior nasal spine.  The mean angle for the 37 boys was 51O but “varied individually from almost purely sagittal to purely vertical”.    Speaking of vertical growth “Changes in proportions apparently seem to be common and the facial form is therefore not constant”. “Growth in the median suture of the palate is the most dominant feature of growth in maxillary width, exceeding the increase in width of the dental arch (Bjork and Skieller, 1976)”

BjorkA 1975 Kaebernes relation til det ovrige kranium. Nordisk Uirobok I Ortodonti, Sveriges Tandlarkarforbunds, Forlagsforening. Suggests large Cranial Base Angle associated with ‘Long Face’. Vertical saddle 

Bjork A, Brown T, and Skieller V 1979. Similarities and Dissimilarities in Craniofacial Growth in Australian Aboriginal and Danes Illustrated by Longitudinal Cephalometric Analysis. European Journal of Orthodontics 6 (1984) 1-14. “a substantial occlusal and forward migration of each dental arch” “First molars migrated forwards 8.0 mm in each jaw”.Showed that individual bones grew similarly but their relationships sises and shapes changed resulting in very different facial form.

.

Bolton Standards of Dentofacial Developmental Growth, by B. Holly Broadbent Sr

, B. Holly Broadbent, Jr. and William H. Golden, C. V. Mosby, 1975. First presented at the Third International Orthodontic Congress in London (1973). I was there.

Bondemark L, 1999.  Does two years nocternal treatment with a mandibular advancementsplint in adult patients with OSAS cause a change in the posture of the mandible?  American Journal of Orthodontics and Dento facial Orthopedics.116:621-628.  (Faces lengthen after a few years wearing sleep apnoea appliances) Vertical Apnoea

Bondemark L, Holm A-K, Hansen K, Axelsson S, Mohlin B, Brattstrom V, Paulin G, and Pietila T. Long-term Stability of Orthodontic Treatment and Patient Satisfaction. A Systematic Review. Angle Orth 77:181-191.2007. 1004 abstracts or full-text articles, of which 38 met the inclusion criteria. Conclusions: “This review has exposed the difficulties in drawing meaningful evidence-based conclusions often because of the inherent problems of retrospective and uncontrolled study design”. “The quality of treatment Outcome has traditionally been assessed by applying professionally established metric or categorical scales with measurements obtained from dental casts, radiographs, and clinical examinations. As health services exist primarily to benefit the patient, an important variable for measuring outcome would be overall patient satisfaction with the care provided. Therefore, it was astonishing that only a few studies were found on patient satisfaction in the long-term, and furthermore most of them showed low scientific evidence and no conclusions could be drawn. This review of the literature has thus exposed a great need for future studies in this area”. Public

Bonetti GA, Alberti A, Sartinl C and Parentis SI. Patients’ self-percepfion of dentofacial attractiveness before and after exposure to facial photographs. Angle Orthod. 2011 ;81 :517-524100. 100 subjects over 18 of white ancestry were shown their lateral and frontal picture and 100 controls were not. Initially 11% were unhappy with their profiles. 30 days later after seeing the photos 50% had lower opinions. Profile; Self-perception; Facial photographs; Dentofacial attractiveness

Bonuck Karen et al. Sleep-disordered breathing SDB in a population-based cohort: behavioraloutcomes at 4 and 7 years. Pediatrics 2012 Apr;129(4):e857-65. Objectives: Examine statistical effects of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) symptom trajectories from 6 months to 7 years on subsequent behaviour. Methods:  13,467 children’s snoring, mouth breathing, and witnessed Apnea. Cluster analysis produced 5 “Early” (6-42 months) and “Later” (6-69 months) symptom trajectories. Adverse behavioral outcomes were defined. Results:  The 2 clusters with peak symptoms before 18 months that resolve thereafter still predicted 40% to 50% increased odds of behavior problems at 7 years. Conclusions: SDB symptoms had strong, persistent statistical effects on subsequent behaviour in childhood. 

Borsa L,Estève LCharavet C, Lupi L Malocclusions and oral dysfunctions: A comprehensive epidemiological study on 359 schoolchildren in France. Clin Exp Dent Res. 2023 Apr;9(2):332-340. 2023. Objectives study of malocclusions and oral dysfunctions on 11-year-olds. 359 children Results: 88% exhibited a malocclusion with swallowing (87%) and respiration (42.7%) disorders. The presence of malocclusion was statistically linked to the low position of the tongue at rest (p < .001), abnormal swallowing (p = .03), and improper mouth breathing (p = .001). Mouth breathing and tongue posture were the two most prominent factors in the prediction of emerging malocclusion. Suports the Tropic Premise and mewing

Bowman S J and Johnston L E. 2000. The esthetic impact of extraction and non-extraction treatments on Caucasian patients.  American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics.  70:3-10.  120 causaian patients “randomly selected” from private practice files!!! “Extraction treatment can produce improved facial esthetics for many patients”.  “Extraction  treatment had an esthetic effect  that was proportional to the patients pre-treatment lip procumbency”. “Occasionally the need for extractions may outweigh the chance of a slightly negative effect on the profile”. John Mew’s comments ‘It was unfortunate that lateral cephalograms rather than photographs were used as the profile alone does not always give a good indication of the facial aesthetics, especially of the maxilla’, also ‘One of the problems of judging aesthetics by means of ‘Facial Convexity’ is its dependency on the position of gnathion.  If as I suspect in the case of Bowman and Johnston’s study, the faces were growing vertically, they may well have looked better with the lips retracted but really attractive faces are associated with prognathism of both mandible and lips. The greatest criticism is that they circulated about 2,500 recall patients but selected less than 80 for the study. It is well known that successful cases are more likely to return. (Facial damage)

Brash,J. 1956 “The aetiology of irregularity and malocclusion of the teeth”.  The Dental Board.of the United Kingdom, London. 

Bresolin, D., Shapiro, G.C., Shapiro, P.A., Dassel, S.W., Furuawa, C.T., Pierson, W.E., Chapko, M. and Bierman, C.W.   1984 ‘Facial Characteristics of Children who Breath Through the Mouth’. Paediatrics  73: 622-625.  Mouth breathing is associated with long face syndrome.(F damage) vertical 

Brin I, Tulloch JFC, Koroluk L, Phillips C. 2003 External apical root resorption in Class II malocclusion: a retrospective review of 1- versus 2-phase treatment. Am J Orthod DentofacOrthop 124: 151-156. Method Both groups had fixed appliances, moderate/severe resorbtionwas defined as over 2mm, “Children in the 2-phase functional/fixed group had the least moderate/severe resorbtion (5%) and those in the I-phase treatment group (20.4%)”Conclusion. Despite this surprising contrast the authors weakly conclude “Early growth modification treatment, that reduces the overjet prior to fixed appliance therapy, may have a role in reducing the likelihood of resorbtion”. JM comments ‘Frightening to think that over a fifth lost more than 2mm’.

Brew B K, Marks G B, Almqvist C, Cistulli P A, Webb K, Marshall N S.  Breast feeding and snoring: a birth cohort study. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084956. eCollection 2014. PMID: 24416321. PMCID: PMC3885662. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084956. ”Breastfeeding for longer than one month decreases the risk of habitual snoring and witnessed apneas” Apnoea.

Brodie, A.G. Downs,W.B. Goldstein,A. & Myer,E. 1938 “Cephalometric appraisal of orthodontic results – a preliminary report”  The Angle Orthodontist. 1938: 8; 261-351. “The most startling find was the apparent inability to alter anything beyond the alveolar process”.

Broer. N, Kahl-Nieke B, Groger. S, Schmidt-Rohde P.  2000.  Does parturition influence the sagittal jaw relationship? Preliminary results of a prospective ultrasound study.  VIII International Symposium on Dento Facial development and Function. Mainz. October 2000 “Sixty-seven healthy singleton pregnancies between the 28th and 42nd week of gestation were examined sonographically. The distance between maxilla and mandible (jaw step) was calculated. Postnatally corresponding values were obtained with a specially designed sterilised instrument.” “Different birth modes, such as spontaneous or operative vaginal delivery or caesarean section with and without contraction” were compared.

CONCLUSION:​“Different modes of birth, in respect of trauma during passage through the birth canal, seem to have no influence on the manifestation of human sagiftal jaw relationship”. Environment, Jaw relationships Natural birth.

Brosh T, Vardiman A, Ergatudes C, Spiegler A, and Lieberman M. !998 “Rapid palatal expansion Part 3: Strains developed during active and retention phases”.   American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics.  14:123-133.  Five cats and fourteen humans were used as subjects.  JM notes : Strains of between 1000 and 2000 mS frequently arise, levels which are likely to be associated with serious tissue damage .

Brothwell D R, Digging up Bones. British Museum Natural History. 1963: Pun No 704. ISBN 0 565 00704 1.

Brown Tamsin. Morphology of the Australian Skull: studied by multivariate analysis. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra A.C.T 1973. Page 82, Zygomatic and mandibular ramus widths are “quite clearly the effect of different degrees of muscular development”. “Disparities in jaw relationship are more prevalent in the sagital plane than the coronal”. Page 39, The angle ‘SNSS (SNA) was larger in the Australian skulls (than a Northern European) probably because of larger tooth dimensions and greater procumbency of the incisors”. Stone age, pre-civilized, anthropology.

Brown,T., Alvesalo,L., & Townsend,G.C.  “Crainio-facial Patterning in Klinefelter [47 XXY] adults.”  European Journal of Orthodontics.  15: 185-194.  1993.

Brunetto DP, Velasco V, Koerich L and de Sousa Araujo MT. “Prediction of 3-dimensional pharyngeal airway changes after orthognathic surgery” Am J Orthod, Dentofacial Orthop, 2014;146: 299-309.  It concludes “Only the maxillary displacement is a reliable predictor for the minimal cross-sectional area variation”.  JM commented “This gives further support to my belief that forward mandibular positioning appliances retract the maxilla in the long-term and why the maxilla has to come forward”.

Buck D, Malik S, Murphy N, Patel V, Singh S, Syed B and  Vorah N. 2000

What makes a good dentist and do recent trainees make the grade? The views of vocational trainers. British Dental Journal 189:563-564.  144 questionnaires were distributed via 48 vocational training advisers in England, of which 96 were returned, a response rate of 67 per cent. The most important single skill is communication with patients, closely followed by diagnostic skills and communication with the dental team. The areas where trainees are most likely to fall short in terms of actual as compared to desired performance are in areas of technical ability

Bull, R. and  Stevens,J.  “The effects of attractiveness of writer and penmanship on essay grades”.  Journal or Occupational Psychology.  49:27-30. 1979.

Bull,R. &  Rumsey, N. “The social psychology of facial appearance.” Springer-Verlag, New York. 1988.

Bushgang P, R.D.L.Cruz, A.D.Viazis, & A. Demirjian. “Longitudinal shape changes of the nasal dorsum.” AJO&DO.104: 539-543.1993. Serial chephs from 37 Canadian girls aged 6,10, & 14 were used to analyze changes in nasal shape.  X-rays were superimposed on anterior cranial base.  Of interest to those who use the Indicator Line… “The upper dorsum (the area of the nasal bone) rotates upward and forward approximately 10 degrees between 6 and 14.”  “The lower dorsum (the area of the cartilage) rotates downward and backward in persons who show greater vertical and less horizontal growth changes”.  JM says presumably Bushgang did not realize that the raising of the upper dorsum is associated with a change in head posture and a lifting of the relationship of the frontal bone and sphenoid, relative to the nasal cartilage which is dragged down by the maxilla in vertical  growers increasing the prominence of the nose. Indicator line.

Buschhang PH, Stroud J & Alexander RG. “Differences in dental arch morphology among adult females with untreated Class I and II malocclusion”.  EJO 16: 47-52. 1994. A study of 386 females aged between 17 & 68.  Of special interest “both maxillary and mandibular dental arch size were significantly larger for the younger age group”.  Why should arches and presumably skeletal bases get smaller with age?  Could it be related to reduced muscle tone?Vertical worse crowd

Bussick T J, and McNamara J A,  2000.  Dentoalveolar and skeletal changes associated with the pendulum appliance. American Journal Orthodtics and  Dentofacial Orthopedics. 117:333-343. The effect of permanent dentition versus deciduous dentition anchorage was significant. Increases in maxillary first molar extrusion and lower anterior facial heightand a decrease in overbite were noted in patients with permanent dentition anchorage.

Cala L, Spalj S, Slaj M, M Lapter, and Slaj M. Zagreb, Croatia. Facial profile preferences: Differences in the perception of children with and without orthodontic history. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2010;138:442-50. “We hypothesized that facial profile perception and preferences could be influenced by orthodontic treatment”. Also they assessed public response to different facial shapes. Results: “A straight profile was the most favored in both sexes, regardless of previous orthodontic history. A bimaxillary alveolar protrusive profile with thicker lips was preferred among the female profiles, and a bimaxillary retrusive profile with flat lips and a prominent chin was preferred among the male profiles”. Conlusion “It seems that orthodontic therapy has no clinically relevant influence on facial profile preferences”. JMs note. Suprisingly they say on the basis of general research “there is a general preference among orthodontists and laypersons for an orthognathic profile, and orthodontists consider the most pleasing profile to be more forward than do laypeople”. See photos John Mew/faces

Calvo-Henriquez C, Capasso R, Chiesa-Estomba C, YungL S, Martins-Neves S, Castedo E, O’Connor-Reina C, Ruano-Ravina A, and Kahn S. The role of pediatric maxillary expansion on nasal breathing. A systematic review and metanalysis. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology;2020:135. “Palatal expansion in pediatric patients decreases nasal resistance and increases nasal flow”.. Sandra Kahn airway

Carels,C. Willems,G. VerdonckA. Bossuyu,M. Verbeke,G. & Kiekens,R.M. 1994 “Post surgical changes in mandibular morphology after bi-lateral sagittal split osteotomies”.  European Journal of Orthodontics. 16; 442.

Carvalho FR, Lentini-Oliveira D, Machado MAC, Prado GF, Prado LBF, Saconato H. Oral appliances and functional orthopaedic appliances for obstructive sleep apnoea in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; issue 2. Systematic review. children of 15 years old or younger. Conclusion “At present there is not sufficient evidence to state that oral appliances or functional orthopaedic appliances are effective in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea”. OSA 

Case.C. 1908  ‘The techniques and principals of dental orthopedia’..

Cassidy MC, Harris EF, Tolly EA, Keim RG. Genetic influence on dental arch form in orthodontic patients. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics..  “At least half of the phenotypic variation in this sample is due to environmental differences“.

Cavior, H. , Hayes,S. and Cavior,N. 1974 “Physical attractiveness of female offenders”. Criminal Justice and Behaviour. 1:321-331. 

Chadwick SM. Banks P and Wright JL. “Use of Myofunctional Appliances in the UK”  British Journal of Orthodontics. 1998/9.  Only 1% of specialist practitioners use ‘myofunctional appliances probably because “such cases must be approved for treatment by the Dental Practice Board”.  “In contrast the Consultant Orthodontic Service survey showed that the management of 27% of patients in hospital departments involved the use of myofunctional appliances”.  99% used them for Class II/1, 63% used them for class II/2, 16% for class III and only 2% for class I malocclusion.  Twin Blocks are most popular with 75%, next most popular are the Medium Opening Activators (based on JM’s stage 3) at 40%, then the Bionator at 33%, then the Andresen and Frankle at 22%, with the Harvold 14%, the Teuscher.12%, the Bass 4% and the Herbst 1%.  25% take the bite in the Edge-to-Edge position, 28% would advance the mandible 5 to 7mm and 28% as far forward as possible.  Most would start treatment between the age of 10-11 for girls and 11-12 for boys and no one before 8 or after 14..

Chadwick, SM, Aird JC, TayIor RJS and Bearn DR. 2001. Functional regulator treatment of Class II division 1 malocclusions. European Journal of Orthodontics 23: 495—505. The study group (n = 70) were treated with a Fränkel appliance. Statistically significant differences from the control group were SNB, ANB, BaNA and ANS-Me., ‘but none of these was sufficiently large to be regarded as clinically significant’ (sic). “The term effectiveness is a measure of the effect of treatment when applied to a population in a ‘real world’ environment. This compares with efficacy, which is a measure of the effect of treatment in ideal circumstances”.  The Fránkel appliance was thus found to be effective in producing desirable occlusal and dental changes in the majority of patients treated. JM thinks they used it as a functional appliance not ‘postural’ ie tried to retract and procline the incisors and did not adjust the bumpers to cause sores.

Chalakkal P, Thomas AM, Chopra S. 2010. Comparison between the dimensions of lateral incisor crowns adjacent to unerupted palatally displaced and nondisplaced canines. World J Orthod 11 :245-249. To compare the dimensions of lateral incisor crowns’ adjacent to unerupted palatally displaced and nondisplaced permanent maxillary canines. 36 children between 10 and 12 years of age with unilateral unerupted maxillary canines. “The lateral incisor next to the palatally displaced canine was considered the experimental tooth; the tooth on the contralateral side was considered the control tooth”. “There is a significantly greater possibility of finding lateral incisors with greater crown taper and shorter length next to palatally displaced canines”. “However, there is no significant difference in crown width or thickness”. Impacted Impaction.

Chapman, H. “Abnormalities of position; treatment”. In Science and practice of dental surgery Sir Norman Bennett. P 425. 1931.Oxford Med Pub. “If at 4 to 6 years of age the occlusal relations are normal but they are not spaced at all or are crowded, the writer believes it correct to enlarge such arches, to a size that will accommodate the permanent teeth when they erupt”. Expansion early

Chate R A C. (2008) An audit of the level of knowledge and understanding of informed consent amongst consultant orthodontists in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. British Dental Journal; 205: 665-673. “This audit indicates certain key areas of deficiency in the knowledge and understanding of informed consent amongst consultant orthodontists”. “all of the consultants knew this would involve explaining the risks and benefits of the proposed treatment, but 40% did not realize that this should also include the risks and benefits of any alternative treatment, and 70% did not know that the potential consequences of remaining untreated should be outlined as well”. THIS APPLIES EVEN IF THE RISK IS LESS THAN 1%. 

Chen H, Lowe AA, Riberiro de Almeida F, Fleetham J A and Wang B. Three-dimensional computer-assisted study model analysis of long-term oral appliance wear. Part 2. Side effects of oral appliances in obstructive sleep apnea patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2008;134:408-17. Seventy patients with OSA. Results: The following dental measurements showed significant changes (P <0.05) after 7 years. mandibular arch width increased more than maxillary arch width, crowding decreased in both arches, the curve of Spee became flat in the premolar area, the mandibular canine to second molar segment moved forward in relation to the maxillary arch, the bite opened and the overjet decreased except in some molar areas. JM thinks most of these due to facial lengthening.

Chen Y, Hong L, Wang C-L, Zhang S-J, Cao C, Wei F, Lv T, Zhang F, and Liu D-X. Effect of large incisor retraction on upper airway morphology in adult Bi-maxillary Protrusion patients.  Three dimensional multi-slice computed tomography registration evaluation. Angle Orthod. 2012; 82:964-970. “Bi-maxillary Protrusion is a common disease in China”. “Typical orthodontic treatment includes the extraction of the bi-maxillary premolars and anterior tooth retraction with maximum anchorage achieved through the placement of miniscrews, which enable the practitioner to achieve maximum anterior tooth retraction without undesirable movement of the posterior teeth”. 30 random patients. Conclusion “Large incisor retraction leads to narrowing of the upper airway”.

Chung, LKH, Hobson RS, Nunn, JH,, Gordon PH,  and Carter NF  An Analysis of the Skeletal Relationships in a Group of Young People with Hypodontia.  Journal of Orthodontics 27-315-318.  Department of Child Dental Health, Newcastle Dental School. Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, UK. “Patients with more severe hypodontia showed tendencies to a Class Ill skeletal relationship and a reduced maxillary-mandibular planes angle”.

Chung C, and Font B. 2004 ‘Skeletal and dental changes in the sagittal, vertical, and transverse dimensions after rapid palatal expansion’. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2004;126: 569-75. Material: A serial study of 22 children average age 11.7 years.  Haas-type rapid expansion. “The maxilla displaced slightly forward and downward (P < .05); the mandible rotated downward and backward, and the anterior facial height increased significantly (P < .05); and the widths of the maxilla and nasal cavity increased significantly (P < .05)”.

Chutimanutskul W, Darendeliler A, Shen G, Petocz P and Swain MV. 2006. Changes in the physical properties of human premolar cementum after application of 4 weeks of controlled orthodontic forces.  European Journal of Orthodontics 28 (2006) 313-318 2006. . Premolars from 8 ortho patients. Finding “Heavy forces decrease elasticity and hardness of cementum more than light forces”. Root resorbtion. Damage.

Cipriani G P, and Zago A. University of Verona. Quote from Sunday Times 9-7-2006. “Physical appearance has a significant and economically meaningful effect on the performance of students”. 885 economics students graded between 1 and 5 for appearance, followed over three years. “Those graded 4 for looks achieved a 36% better performance than those graded 2”. Face, facial, beauty. appearance

Clark W.J. – 1982 – The Twin Block Traction Technique – European Journal of Orthodontics 4: 129 – 138

Clark W.J. – 1988 – The Twin Block Technique – AJODO – 93: 1: 1 – 18

Clark W.J. – 1990 – The Twin Block Technique – The Functional Orthodonist July – August: 24 – 29

Clark W.J. – 1990 – The Twin Block Technique – The Functional OrthodonistJanuary/February: 24 – 28

 ClarkW.J. – 1991 – Die Zwillingsplatten Technik – Orthodontie Und Kieferorthopadie 3/91: 365 – 371

 ClarkW.J. – 1992 –  Twin Block therapy is a non-surgical face lift – The Functional Orthodontist

  ClarkW.J. – 1992 – The Twin Block Technique Part 1 -– The Functional Orthodonist September/October: 32 – 37. Their failure rate of 33.6% compared to my original study of 6.7% was due to uncomfortable appliance design with excessively thick occlusal blocks.

Clark,JD, Kerr,WJS, and Davis,MH. 1998.  “Surgery, Growth Modification or Orthodontic Camouflage? Brian’s case”.  Dental Update. 25:12-17.  This is the result of a survey of British orthodontists who were asked from the records how they would treat this eleven year old boy with a class II division 1 case with a complete overbite and overjet of 11mm.  Only the lower arch was crowded. Althiough the cheeks were obviously flat they comment “Severe class II is overwhelmingly due to mandibular deficiency“.  “63% were certain that extra-oral anchorage would be required, a further 21% were ambivalent”.  “91% of orthodontists recommended extractions ( 87% in the uncrowded upper arch). (F damage)  JM wrote – Mew JRC 1988 Brian’s Case, Dental Update 25: 171-172.

Clark, J.R. and Evans, R. D. 1998 “Functional occlusal relationships in a group of post-orthodontic patients: preliminary findings”.  European Journal of Orthodontics. 20:103-110.  Sample of  37 consecutively selected individuals.  Excluding early terminations and poor co-operation.  “Based on current concepts of functional occlusion, this group of post-orthodontic patients did not exhibit ideal occlusal relationships.” Results.

Clark, W. Design and Management of Twin Blocks: Reflections after 30 years of clinical use. Journal of clinical Orthodontics, vol 37 2010, 209-216. He emphasises no more than 2mm opening at interincisal edge (5 or 6 mm overall) in deep bite cases.

Clifford, M.  “Physical attractiveness and academic performance”.  Child Study Journal, 5: 210-209.  1975

Cochrane NJ, LO TWG, Adams GG, and Schneider PM. Quantitative analysis of enamel on debonded orthodontic brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2017;152:312-9. %. Conclusions: Enamel damage regularly occurred during the debonding process with the degree of damage being highly variable. Damage occurred more frequently when ceramic brackets were used (31.9%) compared with metal brackets (13.3%). Removal of ceramic brackets bonded with resin-modified glass ionomer cement resulted in less damage compared with the resin bonding systems.

Colbert D. “The African American Patient: Determination of the soft tissue facial profile preferences through photometric analysis”.  Thesis in AJO & DO. 106: 453. Oct 94.  80 black judges evaluated 50 black subjects.  “American Africans do not find severe bi-maxillary protrusive profile pleasing” However they reject the flattest profiles “which approaches Caucasian norms”.  They prefer a mild bi-max to a straight profile.

Cole et al.: 10.1534/genetics. 116.193185. 2017. “Human Facial Shape and Size Heritability and Genetic Correlations”. By kind permission of the Genetics Society of America. Bantu Africans. Showed that human face between 3 and 21 is more heritable than head.

Corruccini,R, Keul.SS, Chopra.SRK, Karosas.J, Larsen.MD, and Morrow.C. .  1983.  “Epidemiological survey of occlusion in North India”.  British Journal of Orthodontics 10: 44-47. A comparison between 365 children of varying social groups in an area where such contrasts are extreme.  For a “single interbreeding population” the differences are marked.  For instance the privileged groups had nine times as many increased overbites and five times as many increased overjets.  The authors dismiss the tooth wear concept of Begg  and conclude “Lack of functional stimulation could explain the occlusal characteristics we observe” (aetiology) (facial dammage)

Corruccini RS. 1990. Australian aboriginal tooth succession, interproximal attrition, and Begg’s theory.  American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 97:349-57  Questioned Begg’s estimate of attritional tooth-size reduction,. “Examines the theory using longitudinal casts and records of modern Australian aborigines”.  “Longer teeth did not relate to crowding”.

Corruccini RS. 1999.  How Anthropology Informs the Orthodontic Diagnosis of Mallocclusion’s Causes.  Edward Mellen Press, Lewiston, New York.  “If there is eventually to be the possibility of steps involving masticatory exercise to prevent or mitigate craniofacial disorder, these more likely will employ appliances and artificial alveolar stimulation rather than dietary alteration. This will likely be particularly critical during a certain age span (which needs to be pinpointed, by research that varies and staggers the timing of changes in dietary consistency)”.  “Much greater research and funding emphasis should go on Disuse and its ramifications rather than towards invasive experiments that have only corrective not preventive significance”.

Cozza P, Baccetti T, Franchi L, De Toffol L, McNamara JA Jr. 2006. Mandibular changes produced by functional appliances in Class 11 malocclusion: a systematic review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2006; 129: 599.el-12. A systematic review, Data sources: Medline and the Cochrane Clinical Trials Register (www.cochrane.org/reviews) Conclusion: Functional appliances do increase mandibular length by 2-3 mm per year of treatment with the Herbst and twin-block being the most efficient. However the authors cautioned that some of the papers were dubious. Grow orthopedic 

Cross,J.F. and Cross,J. “Age sex, race, and the perception of facial beauty”. Developmental Psychology. 5: 433-439. 1971.

Crufts handbook, London 1994.

Cunningham,M.”Measuring the physical in physical attractiveness: Quasi-experiments in the sociobiology of female facial beauty”.  Journal of Personality and Psychology, 3: 925-935.  1977.

Cylan, I. Oktay, H and Demirci, M.  1996 “The effect of rapid maxillary expansion on conductive hearing loss”.  Angle Orthodontist. 66:  301-307.  Based on “Pure-tone audiometric records of 14 subjects, 11 females and 3 males, who underwent RME”.  Mean age 13.  “a positive and statistically significant effect, during the active widening period, on the hearing levels of subjects with conductive hearing loss.”  “At the end of the retention period, the improvement reversed”.  (JM says because they didn’t learn to keep their mouth shut.)

Dadgar-Yaganeh A, Hatcher D C,  and  Oberoi S. Association between degenerative temporomandibular joint disorders, vertical growth and airway disorders. Journal of World Federation of Orthodontists. 2021;10: 20-28. “A long facial type is associated with findings of degenerative and related condylar growth disturbances”. JM says equivalent to lack of horizontal growth. Reduced airway. TMD OSA

Darlington , CD. 1947. The genetic component of language. Heredity. I 269-286. 

Darwin, C. The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. 1859. John Murray, Albemarle St London.

D’Attilio M, Filippi MR, Femminella B, Festa F and Tecco S. The Influence of an Experimentally-Induced Malocclusion On Vertebral Alignment in Rats: A Controlled Pilot Study, Journ Craniomand Pract 2005: 23; 119-129.“Thirty female Sprangue Dawley rats were used in the study: 15 in the study group and 15 in an untreated control group. Results. At T1 an occlusal bite pad made of composite and measuring 0.5 mm in height, was applied to the upper right molar of the rats in the study group”. “A change in the alignment of the spinal column was observed in all of the rats that received a unilateral occlusal pad” At T2, when the second occlusal pad was applied to rebalance the occlusion, radiographs revealed the straightening of the spinal columns of all the rats in the study group”.

Davis S J, Gray R M J, Sanders P J, and O’Brian K D. Orthodontics and Occlusion. 2001. British Dental Journal.191:539 –549. “The aims of orthodontic Treatment are surprisingly unclear”. “Most of the current concepts of orthodontic treatment are based upon personal opinion and retrospective studies”. damage

DeBerardinis M, Stretesky T, Sinha P, and Nanda R, 2000. Evaluation of the vertical holding appliance in treatment of high-angle patients. American Journal of Orthodtics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 117:700-706.  Two groups of 16 high angled patients were selected retrospectively.  One treated with Vertical Holding Appliance (VTA) [A plastic button between the six year old molars, the second with standard Tweed.  The ‘Y’ axis increased in group 2 but not group 1. They assume that this is the result of tongue pressure on the button. “The percentage of lower anterior face height to total anterior face height decreased in group I, whereas it increased in group II”.

Defraiaa E; Baronib G; and Marinellic A. 2006. Dental Arch Dimensions in the Mixed Dentition: A Study of Italian Children Born in the 1950s and the 1990s. Angle Orthod 2006;76:446-451. 83 eight year old children born in the 50’s and 84 born in the 90’s. Possible selection as both groups were initially ‘observed’ but the reason was not mentioned. “Both boys and girls of 1990s showed significantly smaller maxillary inter-molar width when compared with 1950s”.

Dental Practice Board Annual review 1997/8.  £1,623,000 on adult orthodontics.  £66,580,000 on childrens orth.  139 claims per thousand for children aged between 10,and 17 compared to 95 five years ago.  

Desai R J ,  Iwasaki L R , Soh Kim S M, Liu H, Liu Y and   Nickel J C. A theoretical analysis of longitudinal temporomandibular joint compressive stresses and mandibular growth. Angle Orthod. 2022 ;92:11-17. Objectives: To determine if temporomandibular joint (TMJ) compressive stresses during incisor biting (1) differed between growing children correlated mandibular plane angle and ramus length. Sixty-five subjects Conclusions: TMJ compressive stress were significantly larger in dolichofacial compared to meso-brachyfacial subjects. TMD 

Dezio M, Piras A, Gallottini L and Denotti G. Tongue-tie, from embriology to treatment: a literature review. Journal of Pediatric and Neonatal Individualized Medicine. 2015;4(1):e040101 doi: 10.7363/040101. The swallowing of food bolus occurs about 150 times in 24 hours, but more impo                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  rtant (for the purposes of postural muscles) is the unconscious swallowing of saliva that occurs every 30 seconds while awake and every minute during sleep, that is to say, about 1,600-2,000 times in 24 hours.

The swallowing reflex occurs after 4-5 acts of suction. When the baby starts solid food, the swallowing changes to allow him to get used to the new eating habits. When the teeth erupt, they “force the tongue to shift back and high according to this scheme”. (JM thinks resting posture changes). The muscle tone of (orbicularis oris, buccinator, and mentalis decreases.

Short frenum appears in 3-5% of children and, in Europe, there is a higher manifestation of this disease in English newborns (about 10% affected). Higher in newborns than in children, adolescents, or adults. Some milder forms of ankyloglossia may resolve with growth. Function deserves more consideration than the appearance (JM does not agree).

Dias C, Closs LQ, Fontanella V and de Araujo FB. Vertical alveolar growth in subjects with infraoccluded mandibular deciduous molars. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2012;141:81-6

Introduction: Objective to compare vertical alveolar growth in areas adjacent to infra-occluded deciduous molars with growth in areas of deciduous molars and normal occlusion for 1 year. 40 pairs of panoramic radiographs of growing patients with infra-occluded deciduous molars and 40 pairs of radiographs of patients without. A statistically significant difference was observed. Conclusions: “Vertical alveolar growth between the first permanent molar and the second premolar adjacent to the infra-occluded teeth was smaller than in areas adjacent to teeth with normal occlusion”. JM is concerned that they do not mention the word ‘tongue’ and yet assume “There are 2 main theories aimed at explaining the etiology of ankylosis: one focuses on local clinical findings, and the other on qenetics”. Both clinical photos show that the tongue is lying on the lingual cusps of the infra-occluded teeth. Open bite

Dibbets, J. M. H., van de Weele, L.T. Boering, G. “Craniofacial morphology and temporomandibular joint dysfunction in children”. 1985. In:Carlson.D.S, McNamara,J.A, Ribbens,K.A,(Eds), Developmental aspects of temporomandibular joint disorders. Monograph No  Crainiofacial Growth Series,  Center for Human Growth and Development.  The University of Michigan,  Ann Arbor.

Dibbets JMH, Weele van der LTh 1992 Long-term effects of orthodontic treatment including extraction, on signs and symptoms attributed to CMD. .European Journal of Orthodontics 14: 16-20.

Dibbets, J.M.H.  1996  “Morphological associations between the Angle classes”.  European Journal of Orthodontics.  18: 111-118.   One hundred and seventy children, all linear dimensions were corrected for enlargement.   “the mandibular dimensions …… did not vary systematically between the Angle classes.”  “The difference between the Angle classes is the cranial base.”  “…the midface above anything else creates the characteristic difference between the three Angle classes, not the mandible.” (facial damage, maxilla) *

Dickson, C.G.  1970 “The natural history of malocclusion” The Dental Practitioner.  20; 216-232.

Dietrlch P, Patcas R, Pandis N, and Eliades T. Long-term follow-up of maxillary fixed retention: survival rate and periodontal health. Europopean Journal Orthodontics. 2015; 37: 37-42. Aim: To assess the long-term success of maxillary fixed retainers, investigate their effect on gingival health, after a mean period of 7 years 5 months. Forty one subjects were included in the study. Results: The mean observed retention time was 7 years and 5 months. “six patients (15%) showed changes in irregularity in spite of a retainer in place. 13 out of 41 retainers failed (21.7%). Little perodonal change unless poor brushers. *

Ding Y, Xu T-M  Lohrmann B, Gellrich N-C, and Schwestka-Polly R. 2007 “Stability Following Combined Orthodontic-Surgical Treatment for Skeletal Anterior Open Bite: a Cephalometric 15 year Follow-up Study”.  Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics 68:245-256 2007. Found that the skeletal form relapsed by about 50% but the dental relationship was more or less retained. JM commented 2007 letter to journal, “Anterior open bite cases often have reduced muscle tone which allows an increase in vertical displacement of the skeletal structures.  This can be corrected by surgery but is unlikely to remain stable unless both muscle tone and oral posture are improved.  I suspect that the self correction of their soft tissue posture maintained the dento-alveolar compensation but the lack of muscle tone allowed the long-term relapse of the skeletal correction”. surgery

Dirnberq l, Lennartsson B, Soderfeldt B and Bondemark L. Malocclusions in children at 3 and 7 years of age: a longitudinal study. European Journal of Orthodontics. 2013:35;131-7. E-mail: lillemor.dimberg@orebroll.se. “to compare the prevalence of malocclusion at ages 3 and 7 years”. 199 girls and 187 boys aged 3. “Malocclusion decreased significantly, from 70 to 58%”. “Anterior open bite, excessive overjet, and Class III malocclusion” tended to improve permanently but “Spontaneous correction was noted for deep bite, Class IImalocclusion and posterior and anterior cross bites” but “new cases developed at almost the same rate” “Thus, the prevalence was unchanged”. They suggest “deferring orthodontic correction of malocclusion until the mixed dentition stage” but JM strongly disagrees if no spare space at 4½. Some useful refs …  

Djemal S, Setchell D, King P and Wickens J. 1999.  Long-term survival characteristics of 832 resin-retained bridges and splints provided in a post-graduate teaching hospital between 1978 and 1993. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 1999 26 302-320.  “The experience of the operator carrying out treatment also had a pronounced effect which was not readily explained in terms of the distribution of other significant factors”. Setchill SatchillSatchell

Dinesha A; Mutalik S; Feldmanc J; ans Tadinadad A. Value-addition of lateral cephalometric radiographs in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Angle Orthodontist, 2020; 90: 665-671 100 orthodontic patients and seven scorers. Two phases assessed 6 weeks apart with and without X-rays . In the first phase, scorers completed a seven-question survey with questions regarding treatment planning. Conclusion “The lateral cephalometric radiograph is not a necessary diagnostic tool” X-rays Cephalographs

Dolce C, Schader RE, McGorray SP, and Wheeler TT. 2005.(Florida) Centrographic analysis of I-phase versus 2-phase treatment for Class 11 malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2005;128: 195-200. 200 patients treated with a mix of Bionator, Headgear or observation. “Centrographic analysis showed that early treatment has effects on the mandible. However, the differences were not apparent by the end of fixed appliance treatment.” Two stage. Early 2 Phase. 

Doğramacı E, Rossi-Fedele C and Dreyer C. Malocclusions in young children: Does breast-feeding really reduce the risk? A systematic review and meta-analysis. ada 2017;.05:018. Conclusions: Young children with a history of suboptimal breast-feeding have a higher prevalence and risk ratio for malocclusions. 

Dolce C, McGorray SP, Brazeau L, King GJ, and Wheeler TT. 2007. Timing of Class IItreatment: Skeletal changes comparing 1-phase and 2-phase treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2007;132:481-9. Further details of RCT Florida study. 261 class II by half a cusp subjects. First Phase 86 with Bionator, 95 with headgear/biteplane and 80 controls. Second Phase “all subjects were treated with full orthodontic appliances” (JM thinks presumably fixed). First Phase Results, “(1) SNA angle increased in the bionator (0.51) and the observation groups (0.67), whereas it decreased (-0.50) in the headgear/biteplane group; (2) SNB angle increased in the bionator (1.36) and the observation groups (0.84), whereas it remained unchanged (0.19) in the headgear/biteplane group; (3) ANB angle decreased in the bionator (-0.85) and the headgear/biteplane groups (-0.72), and was unchanged in the observation group; and.(4) the mandibular plane angle increased (1.30) only in the headgear/biteplane group”. At the end “all three groups were within 1 degree”. Early

Dolce C, Mansour DA, McGorray SP and Wheeler TT. lntrarater agreement about the etiology of Class II malocclusion and treatment approach. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2012; 141 : 17 -23. Aim of this study was to determine whether orthodontists agree among themselves. 159 Class II subjects sent to 8 orthodontists. The intra-rater consistency values were 65% when determining the type of malocclusion, 60% when deciding which arch was at fault. Conclusion “practitioners had only moderate agreement among themselves when diagnosing a patient’s type of malocclusion and which arch was at fault”. Consensus 

dos Santos P R, Meneghim M de C, Ambrosano G M B, Filho M V, ,^b and Vedovello S A S. Influence of quality of life self-perception, and self-esteem on ortthodontic treatment need. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2017;151:143-7. T

o assess the relationship between normative and perceived orthodontic treatment need associated with quality of life, self-esteem, and self-perception. 248 schoolchildren aged 12 years. Result, self-perception and self-esteem were statistically significant in relation to the perceived need for treatment. JM wishes he has asked about self-perception instead of asking about facial appearance in his research. oral health-related quality of life, self-esteem, and self-perception of oral esthetics.

Downes WB 1920s? Early X-rays. 

Draenert FG, Rebe C, Zenglein V, Kammerer PW, Wriedt S, Al Nawas B. 2010. 3D analysis of Condylar Position after Sagittal Split Osteotomy of the Mandible in Mono- and Bimaxillary Orthognathic Surgery – a Methodology Study in 18 Patients. J Orofae Orthop6:421-429. Results: There was no significant difference between the pre and postoperative distances between condylar centres. (JM horrified when they say “Orthognathic surgery is a standard therapy today”). 

Duchowny et al. Childhood adverse life events and skeletal muscle mitochondrial function.Sci Adv. 2024 Mar 8;10(10):eadj6411. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adj6411. Social stress experienced in childhood is associated with adverse health later in life. Mitochondrial function has been implicated as a mechanism for how stressful life events “get under the skin” to influence physical wellbeing. 879 women mitochondrial function may be a mechanism in understanding how early social stress influences health in later life. JM thinks related to airway.

Durao AR, Alqerban A, Ferreira A, and Jacobs R. Influence of lateral cephalometric radiography (LCR) in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Angle Orthod. 2015;85:206-210. To evaluate the impact of LCR in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Forty-three patients, ten qualified orthodontists. Conclusion: “LCR is important to producing a treatment plan. Despite that, it does not seem to have an influence on orthodontic treatment planning”. X-rays.

Duncan K, Mcnamara C, Ireland A J & Sandy J R. Sucking habits in childhood and the effects on the primary dentition: findings of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2008; 18: 178-188.  2,226 pregnant women filled in questionnaires about sucking habits at 15 months, 24 months, and 36 months of age. Results. At 15 months, 63.2% of children had a sucking habit, 37.6% used just a dummy, and 22.8% used a digit. By 36 months, sucking had reduced to 40%. Both digit and dummy sucking were associated with observed anomalies in the developing dentition, but dummy-sucking habits had the most profound influence on the anterior and posterior occlusions of the children. breast

Eckardt L, Gebert E, and Harzer W. 2001. Tensor Analytical Evaluation of the Effects of a Skeletonized Activator in the Treatment of Class II, Division i Patients. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics Fortschritte der Kieferorthopädie. 40 patients (21 boys and 19 girls) Class II, Division 1 treated with a Klammt open activator, “exhibited distinct growth deficits in vertical direction”. Controls Kings College growth study. “Growth was found to develop in the same direction as in the controls, so that anterior positioning of the lower jaw and an increase in lower facial height were attained. (Does not mention growth direction. Vertical)

Edler, R J. 2001. Background Considerations to Facial Aesthetics.  Journal of Orthodontics.28: 159-168.  “Focuses on the concept of ‘averageness’. “There were a few exceptionally attractive individuals, who were more attractive than the composites”.  “The process of producing composites from a large number of individuals inevitably eliminates facial skin blemishes including creases, wrinkles, etc., thus providing the composite face with an ‘unfairly’ clear complexion”. Faces

Eggensperger N, Smolka K, Luder J, and Iizuka T. Short- and long-term skeletal relapse after mandibular advancement surgery. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2006; 35: 36-42. Long term study of 15 Class II combined orthodontic and surgical cases. “Mean mandibular advancement was 4.1 mm at B-point and 4.9 mm at pogonion, Gonion moved downwards 2 mm immediately after surgery” “short-term postoperative period, mandibular corpus length decreased only 0.5 mm, indicating that there was no osteotomy slippage”. “After the first year of observation, skeletal relapse was 1.3 mm at B-point and pogonion. The relapse continued, reaching a total of 2.3 mm after 12 years, corresponding to 50% of the mandibular advancement.”. “Conclusions: No significant relationship between the amount of initial surgical advancement and skeletal relapse was found. Preoperative high mandibulo-nasal plane (ML-NL) J angle appears to be associated with long-term skeletal relapse”. To date, the longest follow-up study reported in the literature is 6 years. JM says this is not relapse but remodeling due to oral posture.

Ehmer U, Tulloch CJF, Proffit WR and Phillips C. 1999. An International Comparison of Early Treatment of Angle Class-Il/1 Cases. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics. 60:392-408.  Patients from the 1997 class II/1 study at Chapel Hill were compared with a similar group of German children treated with the Karwetzky Type U-bow activator.  The two methods produced “surprisingly similar results”.  The authors warn “Coordinated clinical handling is important in reducing undesirable anchorage effects on the maxilla.” ie don’t retract the incisors or you will damage the face. (Facial damage)

Eimar H, Saltaji H, Ghorashi S, Isfeld D, MacLean JE, Gozal D, Graf D, Flores-Mir C.

Association between sleep apnea and low bone mass in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Abstract – We performed a systematic review of the literature to assess the association between sleep apnea and bone metabolism diseases including osteoporosis in adult population. Results from clinical trials suggest that the association between sleep apnea and low bone mass in adults is possible.

Elad D, Kozlovsky P,  Blum O, Laine A F, Po M J, Botzer E, Dollberg S,  ZelicovichM, and Sira L B. Biomechanics of Milk Extraction During Breast Feeding. Proc Natl AcadSci. 2014;111: 5230–5235. “Breast-feeding is the outcome of a dynamic synchronization between oscillation of the infant’s mandible, rhythmic motility of the tongue, and the breast milk ejection reflex that drives maternal milk toward the nipple outlet”. JM says there is no “ejection reflex” as there are no muscles in the breast, just alveoli’s which have little power. 

Engelke W G H, Mendoza M, and Repetto G. Preliminary radiographic observations of atongue repositioning maneuver. European Journal of Orthodontics 28 (2006) 618-623. 75 males and 15 females with snoring and/or OSA. A tongue-repositioning maneuver (TRM) is demonstrated using a small funnel covered with a membrane to visualize any drop in Inter-occlusal pressure. Coupled with training this led to “a significant increase (P < 0.01) of the mean tongue-velum contact from 6.3 to 24.5 mm”. JM comments that many postural instructions were given between the initial and final Xrays but this does seem effective. Posture Gottingen University wengelke@med.uni-goettengen.de. 

Engelke W, Engelhardt W, Mendoza-Gartner M, Decco O, Barrirero J and Knosel M. 2010. Functional treatment of snoring based on the tongue repositioning manoeuvre European Journal of Orthodontics 32: 490-495. Apnoeic and Obese patients were excluded. A MFS training appliance was used to teach patients to hold a negative pressure over a period of time. Following instruction, the patients underwent 30- to 60-minute daily home training for at least 4 weeks. The recommendation was to practise the TRM in the evening before rest. “It has been shown that upper airway resistance during sleep is significantly lower during nasal breathing than oral breathing (Fitzpatrick et aI., 2003). Thus, pure nasal breathing and complete mouth closure appears to be a physiological status for normal breathing at rest”.“Bed partner ranking was performed, and snoring was judged using a 10-cm visual analogue scale” to be improved. JM says interesting but rather subjective. Apnoea, nasal obstruction. Negative pressure.

Enhosa S, Uysal T, Yagci A, Veli I, Izzet Ucar F and Ozer T. Dehiscence and fenestration in patients with different vertical growth patterns assessed with cone-beam computed tomography. Angle Orthod. 2012;82:868-874. Although the prevalence of fenestrations was not different, significant differences for dehiscences were found in patients with different vertical growth patterns. Gingeval recession Hofman wire.

Erbay,F, Ugur,T, & Ugen,M 1995 “The effects of Frankel’s function regulator (FR-4) therapy on the treatment of Angles class I skeletal anterior open bite malocclusion. AJO & DO. 108:9-21. Forty patients were selected (?consecutive?) from referrals. Half served as controls, the remainder were treated non-extraction with Frankel appliances and lip seal training. The treatment group were “successfully corrected through upward and forward mandibular rotation”. This was compared with “the “spontaneous downward and backward growth direction of the mandible which was observed in the control group”. The Frankel is certainly an excellent corrector of oral parafunction, especially when coupled with effective lip seal training.

Ernst S, Elliot T, Patel A, Sigalas D, Llandro H, Sandy J R and Ireland J. Consent to orthodontic treatment – is it working? BDJ 2007. 202:616-617. Material. Forty one consecutive parents and eight patients who had signed consent forms 6 months previously. “Results. Patients and parents demonstrated a high level of recall for the consent process concerning appliance type (89.8%). the reasons for treatment (96%), the risks (75.5%),length of treatment (83.3%), the opportunity to ask questions (96%), and whether other information was provided (94%). However, further questioning on risks demonstrated poor recall for important factors such as decay (36.8%), root resorbtion (less than 21%), retention (56.3%) and length of retention (35%)”. Conclusions Overall the consent process works well but specific areas of concern are centred around the risks of orthodontic treatment. JM notesnone on enamel or facial damage.

Fastuca R, Perinettl G, Antonio P, Nucera R and Caprloqllo A. Angle Orthod. 2015;85:955-961. Airway compartments volume and oxygen saturation changes after rapid maxillary expansion: A longitudinal correlation study. Whether any correlations exist between the morphological and respiratory functional modifications induced by rapid maxillary expansion and pretreatment airway stenosis. 11 females and 4 males; mean age, 7.5 ± 0.3 years. “Cone beam computed tomography and polysomnography examination before rapid maxillary expansion and after the removal of the maxillary expander 12 months later”. Results: “The upper, middle, and lower airway volumes were Significantly increased oxygen saturation was increased”. “When rapid maxillary expansion is performed in subjects having posterior crossbite, oxygen saturation is improved”. Greatest improvement in subjects having more reduced middle and lower airway volumes. 

Faure???”Esthetic Predudice and its evolution in severe anteroposterior and vertical dysmorphoses”.  Revue D’Orthopedie Dento Faciale. 1999; 32: 275-295.  99 selected cases with severe vertical growth, who were “borderline surgery” were treated “by two practitioners holders of the French Board of Excellence” to a satisfactory dental result.  These were compared with 20 class I normodivergent patients.  A jury of 12 men and 12 women lay judges scored each face on a range of 0 to 10.  They found the “end of treatment score is significantly different from beginning score (p<0.0001)” “The period of the treatment is concomitant with esthetic facial loss”.  “The sociopsychological burden of a surgical orientation must always be weighed up with the slight facial esthetic loss consented in a purely orthodontic option”.

Faure JC, Rieffe C and Maltha JC. 2001. The influence of different facial components on facial esthetics. European Journal of Orthodontics. 24:1-7. Frontal photos of 24 patients were altered 1/ to widen the eyes by 20% and 2/ to increase symmetry by duplicating the right-hand side. Both changes were considered disadvantageous. 

Ferrario V F, Dellavia C, Tartaglia G M, Turci M, and Sforza C. 2004. Soft Tissue Facial Morphology in Obese Adolescents: A Three-Dimensional Non-invasive Assessment. Angle Orthod 2004;74:37-42. 25 obese adolescents aged 13 to 17 years. Larger dimensions were found for skull base width, mandibular width, lower face depth, mandibular corpus length,skull base width, mandibular width, deeper sagittally, and shorter vertically. JM amazed that fat people have different facial bones.

Ferro F, Funiciello G, Pertllo L and Chiodini P. Mandibular lip bumper treatment and second molar eruption disturbances. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011 ;139:622-7. Results:” Lip Bumper treatment significantly enhanced second molar impaction and ectopic eruption”. Particularly if “treatment duration is longer than 2 years”. 

Fichera G, Grew M, Ca/tabiano M, Leonardi R. 2009. Influence of straight-pull headgear on the eruption pattern of maxillary canines: A retrospective study. World J Orthod 2009;10:125-129. 22 patients, 12 treated with combo headgear and 10 treated with Andreson activator. Headgear was significantly more successful (88%) than activator.

Fischer K, Konow L, and Brattström V. 2001.  Open bite: stability after bimaxillary surgery: 2 year treatment outcomes in 58 patients.  European Journal of Orthodontics 22:711-718.  58 consecutive patients. After 8 weeks and 2 years. Mandible had rotated on average 1.4 degrees posteriorly. Seventeen patients had an open bite. Among them, eight patients had undergone segmental osteotomies. There was a significant correlation between the vertical changes at surgery and relapse (r= 0.6) The relapse was mainly due to incisor proclination. The most stabile overbite was found in the group with no max/mand fixation after surgery.

Foncatti CF, Henriques JFC, Janson G, Caldas W, and Garib DG. Long-term stability of Class 11 treatment with the Jasper jumper appliance. to evaluate the long-term stability of the cephalometric changes with the Jasper jumper associated with fixed appliances. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2017;152:663-71. 24 patients mean age 12½. Results: Apical base relationship, maxillary incisor anteroposterior position, and overjet demonstrated significant relapses in relation to the control group. However most dento-alveolar changes obtained with the Jasper jumper followed by fixed appliances during treatment remained stable in the long term.

Forsburg,C. and Odorick,L.  1979, Changes in the relationship between the lips and the aesthetic line from eight yearsof age to adulthood.  European Journal of Orthodontics 1: 265-370.  They conclude “There are cases where a promising teenage profile is sacraficed for the sake of optimal occlusion”. Facial damage.

Forsberg,C. 1991 “Facial height and tooth eruption in adults – a 20 year follow-up investigation”. European Journal of Orthodontics.  13;  251-254.

Forssell H, Kalso E, Koskela P. Vehmanen R, Puukka P, and Alanen P.  1999.  0cclusa! treatments in temporomandibu!ar disorders: a qualitative systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Pain 1999; 83:549—561. Eighteen studies, 14 of splint therapy and four of occlusal adjustment. Conclusion “Occlusal splints may be of some benefit in the treatment of TMD but evidence for the use of occlusal adjustment is lacking”. RCT

Franchi, L., Baccetti, T, Sacerdoti, R. and Tollaro, I.  1997  “Dentofacial features associated with crowding of the lower incisors”.    European Journal of Orthodontics. 19: 570. Found that “increased facial vertical relationships appear to be a skeletal feature correlated with higher degrees of incisor crowding” and suggested that crowded lower front teeth in any seven-year old child were a certain sign of current and probably future vertical growth. Early treatment

Franchi L, Baccetti T, and McNamara JR. 2004. Postpubertal assessment of treatment timing for maxillary expansion and protraction therapy followed by fixed appliances. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 125:12. Material 33 early mixed or late deciduous dentition and 17 late mixed dentition. Mean treatment duration times were 7y 2m for the early treatment group and 14y 5m for the late treatment group. Early treatment produced significant favorable postpubertal modifications in both maxillary and mandibular structures, whereas late treatment induced only a significant restriction of mandibular growth. As JM has said for years maxilla fixed after 8. Early treatment

Franchi L, Baccetti T, Stahl F, and McNamara J. 2007. Thin-plate Spline Analysis of Craniofacial Growth in Class I and Class 11 Subjects. Angle Orthodontist. 77: 595-601. 2007. “17 X class II/1 & 17 class I were analyzed on the lateral cephalograms by means of thin-plate spline analysis at T1 (prepubertal) and T2 (postpubertal)”. “The results showed an increased cranial base angulation as a morphological feature of Class II malocclusion at prepubertal phase. Maxillary changes in either shape or size were not significant” (JM says what about maxillary position?) “Class II exhibited a significant deficiency in the size of the mandible at the completion of active craniofacial growth compared with Class I”. No significant differences in shape between Class 1I and Class I samples were found for either the cranial base or the maxillary regions in the transition from a prepubertal observation to a postpubertal observation. The differences for the centroid size changes were significant for both the cranial base and the maxillary regions as a result of physiological growth. “At the time of final observation (T2, at the completion of active growth) neither shape nor size differences in any of the three examined craniofacial regions could be detected between the two samples. The only exception was represented by the size of the mandible that was significantly smaller in the Class 11 sample. Once again this result emphasizes the role of mandibular deficiency within the growth features that characterize subjects with a Class 1I division 1 malocclusion”. (JM thinks the maxilla dropped and caused mandibular growth to be restricted but this did not show because the superimpositions were based on SN which changed too). 

Franchi, L., Baccetti, T, Sacerdoti, R. and Tollaro, I.  1997  “Dentofacial features associated with crowding of the lower incisors”. European Journal of Orthodontics. 19: 570.

Two hundred and fifty subjects divided into 4 groups depending on severity of lower crowding.  “increased facial vertical relationships appear to be a skeletal feature correlated with higher degress of incisor crowding.” (F damage)

Franchi L, Baccetti T, Cameron C G, Kutcipal E A and McNamara J A. 2002 Thin-plate spline analysis of the short- and long-term effects of rapid maxillary expansion. European Journal of Orthodontics 24:143-150. A retrospective study of 42 patients treated with Haas type expander opened 10½ mm at 3½ mm per week. There was a “displacement of the two halves of the naso-maxillary complex in an outward and upward direction”. “At the end of the observation period, the nasal cavities were larger when compared with both their pre- expansion configuration and the final configuration in the controls”. RME Maxilla forward.

Franchi L, Baccetti T, and McNamara JR. 2004. Postpubertal assessment of treatment timing for maxillary expansion and protraction therapy followed by fixed appliances. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2004:12.

Franchi L, Baccetti T, and McNamara JR. 2004. Postpubertal assessment of treatment timing for maxillary expansion and protraction therapy followed by fixed appliances. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 125: 12. Material 33 early mixed or late deciduous dentition and 17 late mixed dentition. Mean treatment duration times were 7y 2m for the early treatment group and 14y 5m for the late treatment group. Early treatment produced significant favorable postpubertal modifications in both maxillary and mandibular structures, whereas late treatment induced only a significant restriction of mandibular growth. As JM has said for years maxilla more rigid after 8. *

Franchi L, Baccetti T, Camporesi M and Lupolic M. Maxillary arch changes during levellingand aligning with fixed appliances and low-friction ligatures. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2006; 130:88-91 Conclusions: The Iow-friction system produced statistically significant increases in the transverse dentoalveolar width and the perimeter of the maxillary arch. NB They found that the inter-molar width decreased slightly. Damon

Franchi L; Baccetti T. 2007. Prediction of Individual Mandibular Changes Induced by Functional Jaw Orthopedics Followed by Fixed Appliances in Class 11 Patients. Angle Orth 76: 950-954. Material 24 females, 27 males) with Class 11 malocclusion were treated with FJO, at peak growth. A mix of Twin Block, Herbst (with either steel crowns or acrylic splints) but there was no comparison of method. “Discriminant analysis identified a single predictive parameter (Co-Go-Me)”. Less than 125^° responded favourably, Over 125^°unfavourably.

Franchi L, Baccetti T, Stahl F, and McNamara J. 2007. Thin-plate Spline Analysis of Craniofacial Growth in Class I and Class 11 Subjects. Angle Orthodontist. 77: 595-601. 2007. “17 X class II/1 & 17 class I were analyzed on the lateral cephalograms by means of thin-plate spline analysis at T1 (prepubertal) and T2 (postpubertal)”. “The results showed an increased cranial base angulation as a morphological feature of Class II malocclusion at pre-pubertal phase. Maxillary changes in either shape or size were not significant” (JM says what about maxillary position?) “Class II exhibited a significant deficiency in the size of the mandible at the completion of active craniofacial growth compared with Class I”. No significant differences in shape between Class 1I and Class I samples were found for either the cranial base or the maxillary regions in the transition from a prepubertal observation to a postpubertal observation. The differences for the centroid size changes were significant for both the cranial base and the maxillary regions as a result of physiological growth. “At the time of final observation (T2, at the completion of active growth) neither shape nor size differences in any of the three examined craniofacial regions could be detected between the two samples. The only exception was represented by the size of the mandible that was significantly smaller in the Class 11 sample”. “Once again this result emphasizes the role of mandibular deficiency within the growth features that characterize subjects with a Class 1I division 1 malocclusion”. (JM thinks the bones moved as whole units and that the maxilla dropped and caused the mandible to swing down and back restricting the length of the Ramus but the maxillary movement was disguised because the superimpositions were based on SN which rotated up*

Franchi L, Pavoni C, Faltin K, McNamara J, and Cozza P. Long-term skeletal and dental effects and treatment timing for functional appliances in Class II malocclusion. Angle Orthod. 2013; 83: 334-40. Fourty class II patients (>5mm) treated with a Functional (Bionator or Activator) followed by fixed appliances. 20 untreated controls. Treated cases divided into pre-puberty and post puberty. Both groups lengthened 3.6mm. Lower facial height increased 2.7mm in the short-term and 2.8 in the long-term. “The significant elongation of the mandible was not associated with a significant advancement of the chin” (JM says because of vertical growth but not mentioned in findings). “Significantly greater increases during the pubertal peak”. Early treatment

Francisa JC, Oz U, Cunningham L, Hujad P E, Kryscioe R J, and ; Hujaf S S. Screw-type device diameter and orthodontic loading influence adjacent bone remodeling. Angle Orthod. 2017;87:466-472. TADS, Screw-shaped devices of four distinct diameters, 1.6, 2, 3, and 3.75 mm, were placed into edentulous sites in five skeletally mature beagle dogs. “This may indicate that 2.0 diameter and wider screws are better”.

Frankel R,1, and FrankeI C. 2001. Clinical Implication of Roux’s Concept in Orofacial Orthopedics. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics. 62 1-21. The German anatomist (Roux W, 1895, Entwick der Organismen Bd I & II, Leipzig, Englemann) said ‘the fundamental principle of functional orthopedics is to learn new neuromuscular performance patterns and to provide security and ease in their performance by muscle exercises and training (translated from German)’. Frankel’s comments “A program of orthopedic exercises has to be applied routinely after orthognathic surgery”. “On the basis or extensive clinical experience, we suggest using the function regulator appliance as a retainer after any kind of in- mechanotherapy or surgery”. ”Conventional cephalometric analyses fail to measure precisely what treatment has been provided in terms of maxillary or mandibular displacement”, “We position the key reference point on ‘Oc 1’ on the ventro-caudal contour on the basilar point of the occipital bone”. “Our longitudinal studies have revealed that all points or lines move away from these references”. Frankel complains that his device is not understood and that “Severe mistakes have been made in constructing the Functional Regulator and its clinical handling”.  “The question of whether the stimulation of mandibular growth can be accomplished by so called functional appliances must therefore be answered in the negative”. 

He shows his anger when he says “The fact that the mechanical effect produced by the orthodontic appliances is based on artificial displacement on the teeth is obscured when that ‘bio’ is added”, and his despair with. “When extraoral forces are applied in the treatment of Class II patients to drive back a normal maxilla, the normal course of maxillary forward displacement is inhibited. In fact, such procedure means “working against growth”. “By no means can this type of treatment (mechanics) be interpreted as modulation of growth.  The scope of today’s clinical practice is technologically oriented. There is a risk of our profession developing increasingly into a subdiscipline of mechanics, with a special focus on improving mechanical devices in the interests of a reduced treatment time”

“Therapeutic approaches, regardless of the type of appliance used, arc aimed at correcting the aberrant morphology, ie. the product of growth is treated. Strictly speaking, such an approach treats a symptom, not the cause”.  “When the dominating influence of a mechanistic concept is replaced by a more scientific approach, we may be on our way to developing a discipline that closely parallels a medical profession”.

“Can we leave facial disfigurement resulting from disproportions of the facial skeleton and postural disorders of the facial muscles without any orthopedic treatment? We should consider that facial unattractiveness subjects children to social stereotyping. The unattractive child may easily he forced into a deviant behavior role”.  JM agrees with all this.

Fratto, G, Barbato, E, Proietti, D, Poggesi, M.P and Cannoni, D. 1999. Breathing Tests in Children With and Without Mouth Breathing Signs. European Journal of Orthodontics.  21:587. Thirty subjects with adenoidal appearance and twenty controls. “Mouth breathing may be due to acquired habits following previous rhino-pharyngeal obstruction. This suggests that an abnormal pattern of respiration can persist even after elimination of factors causing nasal obstruction.” (ie, mouth breathing is a habit)

Frayer  D W. 1978. Evolution of the dentition in Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic Europe. University of Kansas. Publications in Anthropology, 10. 

Freeman C, McNamara J, Baccetti T, Franchi L and Graff W 2007. Treatment effects of the bionator and high pull facebow combination followed by fixed appliances in patients with increased vertical dimensions. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 131:184-195. 24 patients given two phase treatment (as above) selected from a consecutive group of 40 with an angle of over 25 degrees between the Frankfort Horizontal and the mandibular plane, were compared with 15 one phase controls who had fixed appliances only. “The bionator was constructed with a 4 to 5mm posterior bite block”. Bionator full time except for meals and headgear for 10-14 hours a day. “Phase 1 treatment produced a significant increase in total mandibular length” (2mm). “During phase two treatment however the opposite was observed”. At the end of treatment the mandibular length “increased 4mm less in the treated subjects than in the controls”. There was “a significant amount of restriction in maxillary sagittal growth” and “the findings indicated that the bionator and high pull headgear worsened the hyper-divergent pattern … as shown by the final facial forms”.  “This treatment is not recommended for growing patients with hyper-divergent facial patterns”. Long face. horizontal damage vertical growth

Freeman DC, McNamara JA, Baccetti T, Franchi L. and Fränkel C. 2009. Long-term treatment effects of the FR-2 appliance of Fränkel. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics. 2009 35: 570-6. 30 patients (probably selected)  (17 boys, 13 girls) treated exclusively with the FR-2 by Rolf Fränkel. Mean age 8 and 10 years later. 20 matched controls. Results. 3-mm long-term increase in mandibular length. Just selected cases but what I would expect.

Freiburg S, Jenson BL, Moller E and Bjork A. 1978 “Crainiofacial growth in a case of congenital muscular dystrophy”.  American Journal of Orthodontics. 74:207-215. (Muscle weakness can result in massive facial lengthening. F damage) Vertical growth

Freidson Eliot. 2001 Professionalism: The Third Logic, University of Chicago Press, 60637

Frye L, Diedrich PR, and Kinzingerv GSM. Class 11 Treatment with Fixed Functional Orthodontic Appliances before and after the Pubertal Growth Peak. J Orofacial Orthopedics. 2009 70: 511-527. 42 Class II subjects. Two groups depending on age. Group A nine female up to 12 years and twelve male subjects aged up to 14 years. Group B twelve females older than 12 years and nine males older than 14 years. Results: “A significant reduction of the overjet was achieved in both treatment groups” but. “within the two groups there were no significant sagital effects”. “There was an inhibiting effect on the maxilla, which counteracted the natural growth process”. “Significant changes in vertical direction were detected mainly in the younger patients”. JM assumes maxilla firmer in older children.

Fuhrmann,RAW, Three-Dimensional Evaluation of Periodontal Remodeling During Orthodontic Treatment. Semin Orthod 2002;8:23-28. 21 adult patients, two or three high-resolution computed tomography (HR-CT) examinations were performed before, during and after orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. Fuhrmann states “This periodontal involution increases the risk of bone dehiscences, fenestrations, and root resorption. Various animal experiments have shown that the loss of thin bone plates may be induced by orthodontic tooth movement”. Gum damage 

Fujiki T, Inoue M, Miyawaki S, Nagasaki T, Tanimoto K, and Takano-Yamamoto T. 2004 Relationship between maxillofacial morphology and deglutitive tongue movement in patients with anterior open bite. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 125:160-7. 10 female patients with anterior open bites and 10 women with normal overbites. Tongue movement during deglutition was analyzed by cineradiography. “Characteristic tongue movements during deglutition in patients with anterior open bites are closely related to their morphological features”. JM sure posture also characteristic.

Furlow, F,B., Armijo-Prewitt,T, Gangestad,S.W, & Thornhill,R.  “Fluctuating asymmetry and psychometric intelligence”.  Proc R Soc B  264:823-829. 1997

Fushima,K.,  Kitamura,Y,  Mita,H.,  Sato,S,  Suzuki,Y and Kim,Y.H.  1996.  “Significance of the cant of the posterior occlusal plane in Class II division 1 malocclusions”.  European Journal of Orthodontics. 18: 27-40.  Thirty-five adult females with normal occlusion compared with 50 adult females with Class II division 1.  “Excessive use of Class II elastics on continuous arches causes a downward tipping of the upper anterior occlusal plane, so-called rabbiting effect.”  “It has been demonstrated that the skeletal problems of Class II division 1 malocclusions are closely related to the deviation in the vertical aspect of the occlusion.”(F damage)

Garn,S,M.  1961 ‘Research and malocclusion.’  American journal of Orthodontics.47:661-673. “When the unitary explanations were exhausted the multifactorial hypothesis was advanced … this yielded an equation with an unknown number of unknowns instead of just one”.

Garrett A and Hawley J. SRI-associated bruxism: A systematic review of published case reports. Neurol Clin Pract. 2018 Apr; 8(2): 135–141. “Bruxism may develop as an adverse reaction to antidepressant therapy, and is most likely to develop within 2–3 weeks of medication introduction or dose titration”. JM accepts but can-not see link with Occlusion.

Gazi-Coklica.V, Muretic.Z, Brcic. R, Kern. J and Milicic. A..  EJO Vol.19: 681-689. 1997

61 untreated subjects followed from  4.7 to 11.8 years.  “Variability was greater in boys than in girls; it was lowest for the variable of head breadth and highest for upper face height.” (F damage untreated)

Geoqheqarr F, Ahrens A, McGrath C and Hagg U. An evaluation of two different mandibular advancement devices on craniofacial characteristics and upper airway dimensions of Chinese adult obstructive sleep apnea patients. Angle Orthod. 2015;85:962-968. To evaluate the effects of two different mandibular advancement devices (MADs) (Monobloc or Twin Block) on craniofacial characteristics and upper airway dimensions of Chinese adult patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Forty-five patients with OSA were recruited for a prospective randomized crossover trial with two different MADs. Significant but similar cephalometric changes were observed. JM noted that “Significant increases were found in facial height”.Facial lengthening

Germe D, and Ugur Taner. 2008. Effects of extraction and non-extraction therapy with air-rotor stripping on facial esthetics in post-adolescent borderline patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2008;133:539-49. Prospective Randomised Study, 26 borderline cases, 13 extracted 13 stripped. “The major concern is whether an extraction approach would contribute to an undesirable facial appearance or whether non-extraction therapy (stripping)would result in poor stability and a protrusive profile”. “Both therapies are effective” JM concerned that “Due to post–adolescent growth of the nose and the chin, the lips appeared slightly retrusive after extraction therapy”. Clearly their superimposition landmarks were suspect. Vertical growth. RCT

Ghozy S https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31923810/ – affiliation-1, Tran L, Naveed S, Tran Thuy Huong Quynh ⁴, Ahmad Helmy Zayan ⁵, Ahmed Waqas ⁶, Ahmed Kamal Hamed Sayed ⁷, Sedighe Karimzadeh ⁸, Kenji Hirayama ⁹, Nguyen Tien Huy. Meta-Analysis. Asian J Psychiatr. 2020 Feb;48:101916. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2019.101916. Epub 2019 Dec 27. “Association of breastfeeding status with risk of autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review, dose-response analysis and meta-analysis”. “We found a 58 % decrease in the risk of autism spectrum disorder with ever breastfeeding and a 76 % decrease in the risk with exclusive breastfeeding”. ADHT EDS

Gibbs W.W: The Effect on the Adult Face of Various Orthodontic Techniques at Different Ages.American Assotiotion of Gnathological Orthopedics. 2014;31;5-9.

Gidarakou J K, Tallents R H, Kyrkanides S, Stein S, and Moss M E. 2004. Comparison of Skeletal and Dental Morphology in Asymptomatic Volunteers and Symptomatic Patients with Bilateral Disk Displacement without Reduction. Angle. Orthod 2004;74:684-690. 59 symptomatic female patients and 46 asymptomatic normal female volunteers. All had bilateral high resolution magnetic resonance imaging scans. A smaller cranial base length (Ba-Na) was found in the symptomatic group. The facial plane angle was smaller, and the angle of convexity was larger because of the retropositioned mandible. They suggest that Disk Displacement may disrupt skeletal growth!!! JM says nonsense both caused by vertical growth.

Gill DS, Naini FB, Jones A, and Tredwin CJ. 2007. Part-time versus full-time retainer wear following fixed appliance therapy: a randomized prospective controlled trial. World J Orthod 2007;8:300-306. RCT 60 patients were randomly allocated to either full-time or part-time Essex retainer wear following fixed appliance therapy. 37 patients treated with extractions 20 without (65% exts). Conclusions: Night-time-only Essex retainer wear may be an acceptable retention regimen following the use of fixed appliances. Non-extraction. IE extractions rates in UK hospitals still 65% and that probably does not include wisdoms.

Gkantidls N, Halazonetls DJ, Alexandropoulos E and Haralabakis NB. 2011. Treatment strategies for patients with hyperdivergent Class 11 Division 1 malocclusion: Is vertical dimension affected? “Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011 ;140:346-55. “The uncertain potential of orthodontic treatment to control vertical dimensions, still remains among the most controversial issues in orthodontics”. The patients had similar hyperdivergent skeletal patterns, malocclusion patterns, skeletal ages, and sexes. Group A (29 patients) was treated with 4 first premolar extractions and “intrusive” mechanics (eg, high-pull headgear), whereas group B (28 patients) was treated nonextraction with no regard to vertical control (eg, cervical headgear, Class 11 elastics). “Vertical variables remained unaltered”. “This study demonstrated the limitations of conventional orthodontics to significantly alter skeletal vertical dimensions”.

Glasl B, Ludwig B and Schopf B. 2007. Prevalence and Development of KIG-relevant Symptoms in Primary School Students from Frankfurt’ am Main. Page nos??? 2007 German Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics. Dental check-ups of 1251 schoolchildren (female 49.5%, male 50.5%) in grades 4 and 5 were recorded and compared with findings documented 4 years earlier in the same classes at the same schools. Results: as the children grew older, the prevalence of already-enlarged overjets increased, as did the frequency of deep bite. There were fewer frontal open bites and crossbites in late mixed dentition. Treatment need was clearly higher in the late mixed dentition (41.4%) than in the early mixed dentition (8%).Ie 5 times as many children needed treatment 4 years later. Crowding early treatment.

Glatz-Noll,E & Berg,R. 1991 “Oral disfunction in children with Down’s Syndrome:anevaluation of treatment effects by means of video-registration.”  European Journal of Orthodontics.  13; 446-451.  Subjects “Nineteen healthy children under the age of 3 years 9 months served as a control group”. ”Video recordings of 5 minutes duration” “A closed mouth was not found regularly in normal children under the age of 3 years 9 months.  Out of the 300 seconds recorded (normal controls) the lips were on average closed for a total of 45 seconds” (Open 85% of the time) (F damage) mouth open. Open mouth.

Gois EG, Vale MP, Paiva SM, Abreu MH, Serra-Neqra JM & Pordeus IA. Incidence of malocclusion between primary and mixed dentitions among Brazilian children: A 5-year longitudinal study. Angle Orthod. 2012;82:495-500. 212 children, ages 8 to 11 years. Some open bites improved. “Individuals with previous mal occlusion are more prone to maintain the same characteristics in the transition from primary to mixed dentition”. “Malocclusion incidence was high”. “Children with previous malocclusion presented a greater risk of developing malocclusion in the early mixed dentition”.

Godt A, Zeyher C, Schatz-Maier D & GOZ G. Early Treatment to Correct Class III Relations with or without Face Masks. Angle Orth 78:44-49.2008. Material Retrospective study. 41 patients in mixed dentition. 17 treated with face mask, 24 with a range of functionals. Face mask improved 2.2mm Functional 1.3mm. “Early treatment of prognathism is a meaningful option”.

Gokalp Hatice. 2003. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Assessment of Positional Relationship Between the Disk and Condyle in Asymptomatic Young Adult Mandibular Prognathism. Angel Orth 73: 550-555. The condyles in class III patients are not “anteriorly located”. However the patients were tested in centric occlusion and unfortunately the resting posture was not tested.

Gorgulu S, Sagdl D, Akin E, Karacay S, and Bulakbasr N, Tongue movements in patients with skeletal Class III malocclusions evaluated with real-time balanced turbo field echo cine magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011 ; 139:e405-e414. Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the position and movements of the tongue in patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion. “66 patients (31 male, 35 female) with Class III malocclusion were divided into 3 groups 23 with mandibular prognathism, 21 with maxillary retrognathism, and 22 patients with both maxillary retrognathism and mandibular prognathism”. Plus 22 Class I controls. Results: Dentofacial morphology affects the position and the movements of the tongue during deglutition. JM says ‘the reverse’. “Contact of the anterior portion of the tongue with the rugae area of the hard palate decreased in the Class III malocclusion groups”. “The posterior portion of the dorsal tongue was positioned more inferiorly, and the root of the tongue was positioned more inferiorly and anteriorly”. The tip of the tongue was also in a more anterior position in the Class III groups.Posture, habits 

Graber T.M. 1972. Orthodontics Principals and Practice. W B Saunders Philadelphia. P595 “Growth guidance in the deciduous and mixed dentitions offers one of the most exciting prospects for the future”.

Grabowski R, Stahll F, Gaebel M, and Kundt G. 2007. Relationship between Occlusal Findings and Orofacial Myofunctional Status in Primary and Mixed Dentition. Part I: Prevalence of Malocclusions. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics.68: 26-37. 766 children in the primary dentition and 2,275 in the early mixed dentition. “We emphasize both the strikingly high proportion of increased overjets and deep bites and their significant increase in the mixed dentition”.

Gregory S. Antonarakis and Kiliaridis S. Predictive value of masseter muscle thickness and bite force on Class II functional appliance treatment: a prospective controlled study. Eur J Orthod 2015; 37: 570-577. Twenty Class 11/1 malocclusion children (11.4± 1.7 years) were treated with functional appliances during 1 year. Masseter muscle thickness and maximal molar bite force measurements, lateral cephalograms, and study casts were taken before and after treatment. Control group 20 matched untreated children. “The superimposition of the lateral cephalometric radiographs was performed according to the structural method described by Bjork and Skieller ensuring that the pre-treatment SN plane was transferred to the subsequent post-treatment cephalometric tracing”. (JM thinks this does not show full SN tilt). Results: “All treated patients showed dentoalveolar sagittal improvement”. “Maximal molar bite force and masseter muscle thickness decreased during the treatment period in the experimental group but increased in the control group”. “Children with thinner pre-treatment masseter muscles or weakerbite force show greater dento-alveola changes”. Also they showed “more mesial movement of mandibular first molars, distal movement of maxillary first molars” and “demonstrated more mandibular first molar mesialisation, mandibular incisor proclination, and opening of the gonial angle during treatment”. JM thinks this superimposition does not allow for the rotation of the internal structures of the head also JM believes fixed appliances lengthen the face in the same way by reducing muscle tone. 

Grippaudo C, Paolantonio1EG, Antonini G, Saulle R, la Torre G, Deli R. Association between oral habits, mouth breathing and malocclusion. ROMA index Acta OtorhinolaryngolItal 2016;36:386-394. Crosssectional study, carried out on 3017 children. The results showed that an increase in the degree of the index increases the prevalence of bad habits and mouth breathing, meaning that these factors are associated with more severe malocclusions. Posture.

Gross A,M; Kellum G,D; Hale S,T; Messer S,C; Benson,B,A; Sisakun,S,L; and Bishop,F,W. Myofunctional and dentofacial relationships in second grade children. 
Angle Orthod. 1990 Winter;60(4):247-53. 133 children 8.4 years old, to determine whether specific myofunctional variables were associated with dentofacial development. “Significant relationships were observed between open mouth posture and a narrow maxillary arch and long facial height. Labial and lingual rest and swallow patterns were also related to poor coordination of lip and tongue movements”.

Gross M, Kellum G D, Franz D, Michas K, Wlaker M, Foster M and Bishop FW. A longitudinal evaluation of open mouth posture and maxillary arch width in children aged 5 to 9. Angle Orthodontist, 1994; 64:419-424. Material- 214 youngsters were followed over four years.  50 observation intervals per child, each observation of 5 seconds was followed by a recording interval of 5 seconds.  Whites and boys were open more than blacks and girls.  63% of the five year old caucasians were classified as OMP. “Resting open mouth postures may be may be a significant environmental influence on the dento-facial structures”. “A gradual decline in the frequency of open mouth posture continues through age 9”. Youngsters displaying “High levels of open mouth posture manifested significantly smaller growth of the maxillary arch”. Vertical growth mouth open

Guilleminault C, Huang Y-S, and Quo S. Apraxia in children and adults with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep, zsz 2019;168: The aim of this retrospective study was to explore if lingual praxia is impaired in both SDB children and adults and if there is an association to craniofacial morphology. Material The ability to perform simple tongue manoeuvres was investigated in 100 pre-pubertal SDB children and 150 SDB adults (shown with polysomnography). Conclusions By 3 years of age, children should be able to perform requested tongue manoeuvre’s and have oral form recognition. SDB patients presented evidence not only of orofacial growth impairment, but also apraxia independent of age and severity of OSA. Apnoea Apnea Praxis 

Gurel HG, Memili B, Erkan M, Sukurlca Y. 2010. Long-Term Effects of Rapid Maxillary Expansion Followed by Fixed Appliances. Angle Orthod. 80:5-9. Study casts of 41 patients (19 males, 22 females) before treatment, T1; after RME, T2; after treatment, T3; and during follow-up period, T4. “Width increases due to RME were reversed during fixed treatment and a significant amount of relapse occurred in the long-term”. A statistically significant decrease was observed in both overbite and overjet at the post-retention assessment (JM thinks due to vertical growth).

Gurton A U, Akm E, and Karacay S. 2004. Initial Intrusion of the Molars in the Treatment of Anterior Open Bite Malocclusions in Growing Patients. Angle Orthod 74:454-464. New appliance (Molar Intruder) for molar intrusion tested on anterior openbite. (Illustration showed spring wires on occlusal surface). 14 patients mean age of 10 years and 7 months. “The mean intrusion of maxillary and mandibular molars was 1.86 mm and 1.04 mm, respectively. Maxillary incisors extruded 0.54 mm with a labial tipping of 1.46° and overbite increased by 4.00 mm. The mandibular plane angle was decreased by 1.57°, and the anterior face height was decreased by 1.86 mm on average”. Key Words: Molar intrusion; Anterior openbite.

Haas, A.J. “Long Term Post Treatment Evaluation of Rapid Palatal Expansion Treatment”

American Ass. Orthodontists, New York, 1976.

Hand P. Bottle-feeding and gastroesophageal reflux disease improvement after restrictive tethered oral tissues release. Eur J Paediatr Dent  2023 Mar 28. 40 bottle fed infants enrolled. Tongue-tie was noted in 67.5% 

Hang refs. 

Hansson S, Josefsson E, Lindsten R, Magnuson A,and Bazargani F. Pain and discomfort during the first week of maxillary expansion using two different expanders: patient-reported outcomes in a randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Orthodontics, ;2022:45, 2023, 271–280. Rapid Palatal Expansion and Quad Helex. 70 patients. Results low to moderate pain and discomfort in both groups requireing analgesics. JM notes no assessment of periodontal or root damage.

Haralabakis N B, Halazonetis D J, and Sifakakis I B. 2003, Activator versus cervical headgear: Superimpositional cephalometric comparison. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 123: 296-305. “After derotation, the true amount and direction of skeletal growth becomes apparent. “The only difference in the anteroposterior dimension between the 2 treatment modalities was the significantly reduced SNA angle in the headgear group”. “Cervical headgear treatment moved the maxillary molars farther occlusally and distally, conversly activator treatment resulted in more forward growth of the mandible and increased mandibular molar extrusion. Growth direction Xrays

Harper C. “A comparison of medieval and modern dentitions”.  EJO.16:163-173.1994  23 skulls from London plague pits circa 1348 were compared with 27 selected modern occlusions. The medieval dentitions were: 5mm wider posteriorly in maxilla and 6.8mm in mandible. There was little difference in inter-canine width.  Surprisingly there was more crowding in the medieval subjects.  An excellent discussion concludes “change in environmental factors such as diet and masticatory function may be the most important considerations”.

Harris, E.F. & Smith R.J, Occlusion and Arch Size in Families. 1982 A Principal Components Analysis. Angle Orthodontist. 52:13—143. It is interesting to see the progressive swing in these well known authors’ views from “real possibility of environmental effects’ in 1977 to “the environment is more important for overjet, overbite etc” in 1980, to their present view “individual occlusal traits appear to be almost entirely related to environmental effects”. A study of 761 individual from 112 Melanesian families. they conclude … “the factors most responsible for similarities between brothers and sisters or parents and children appear to be related to shared attributes of their environment rather than to heredity”.

Harris,E.F. & Johnson,M.G. 1991. “Heritability of crainiometric and occlusal variables: A longitudinal Sib analysis.” American Journal of Orthodontics and Dento-facial Orthopedics. 99: 258-268..

Harris, E.F.  1997.  “A longitudinal study of arch size and form in untreated adults”.  American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 11:419-427.  Sixty adults who had received no treatment.  Average age 20 years and again 35 years later.  “Arch lengths decreased significantly with time.  This appears to be a normal, predictable function of aging.”  “Forces driving these changes remain speculative, but the anterior and buccal components of occlusal force would seem to be involved.”  (JM feels peri-oral parafunction) (F damage)

Harris EH, Gardner RZ, and Vaden JL. 1999.  A longitudinal cephalometric study of postorthodontic craniofacial changes. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 115:77-82.  36 patients selected from those willing to be recalled on two occasions up to 15 years after treatment.  All were premolar extractions.  “Effective midface length remained statistically unchanged during treatment but increased (< 001) an average of 3.0 mm by the first recall examination.  Midface length continued to increase (x = 1.1mm) from the first to second recall”.  The maxilla retruded 2.5mm during treatment.  “Lower anterior face height increased an average of 3.3 mm and 4.8 mm respectively” during the two following periods.  “FMA remained statistically unchanged during treatment but decreased an average of 1.6 by the first recall”.(JM assumes this was due to remodeling).  The mandible rotated forward after treatment, JM thinks due to lip seal and possibly case selection. (F damage relapse)

Harris (see Cassidy above)

Hartnett, J.  &  Elder, D.   “The princess and the nice frog. Study in perception”.  Perceptual and Motor Skills.37:863-866. 1973.

Haruki T, Kanomi R, and Shimono. 1997. The differences in the chronology and calcification of second molars between Angle class III and class I occlusions in Japanese children. ASDC J Dent Child  64: 400-404. Found that the times of eruption and calcification of the maxillary molars were significantly related to the length of the maxilla. They assumed evolution but JM sure environment. See also Anderson et al 1975 and Yamaguchi et al 2001. Linked to Anodontia missing teeth

Haruki,T., and Little, R.M.  1998   “Early versus late treatment of crowded first premolar extraction cases: Postretention evaluation of stability and relapse.”  The Angle Orthodontist.  Vol.68:61-68.  Eighty three patients with lower incisor crowding divided into late mixed or permanent dentition treatment.  “At the postretention stage, the late treatment group had greater mandibular anterior irregularity and deviation of the midline.”  Early treatment.

Harvold,E.P. “The role of function on the etiology and treatment of malocclusion”.  American Journal of Orthodontics 1968; 54: 883-898. “The history of orthodontics revolves around the history of mechanical devices developed for the purpose of moving teeth to a more esthetic and better-functioning position”. “In 1932 however, the introduction of cephalometrics drew attention to the morphologic features associated with normal as well as abnormal occlusions. This ignited the idea that morphologic analysis would eventually disclose the sites if not the causes, of malocclusions”.  “For years clinicians have realized that the tongue and facial muscles are the factors which determine the size of the dental arches and the crowding and spacing of teeth and that the skeleton has a subordinate role. These relationships were described in detail by Kingsley and Herbst at the turn of the century”. A group of monkeys had a wedge taken from the tip of their tongue.  “After 4 to 6 months the response expressed itself as crowding of the teeth and a deeper bite”. “Contraction of the maxillary dental arch and interruption of normal occlusal interdigitation cause insignificant changes in the mandibular arch form”.  Havold refers to a group of successful class II human patients “This study showed that severe Class II malocclusions were corrected through the use of a functional treatment approach but that treatment had no apparent effect on mandibular growth. “It should be noted, however, that among these cases of severe Class II malocclusion which were transformed into neutroclusion. none showed less than average mandibular growth”.  (JM agrees however arch length increases if MM angle reduces).  A group of monkeys had a wedge of plastic placed in their palate “All of these animals developed severe overbite overjet and malocclusions of the class II type”. Vertical

Harvold,E,, Chierici,G. and Vargervik,K. 1972 “Experiments on the development of dental malocclusion.”  American Journal of Orthodontics. 61 38-44.

Harvold EP; Tomer BS; Vargervik K and Chierici G. 1981 ‘Primate Experiments on Oral Respiration. A.J.O. 79:359—372. A major presentation mounted to explain why nasal obstruction in monkeys results in different malocclusions. Obstruction resulted in changes in tongue shape that did not revert until the airway was restored. “Remodeling the bones was most pronounced in the animals with a more consistently low postural position”. “The maxillary response is mainly determined by tongue posture and movements.” Vertical

Heimer MV, Katz CRT, & Rosenblatt A. Anterior open bite: a case-control study. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2010; 20: 59-64. Pernambuco Brazil. Conclusion. This study found no evidence that variations in cephalometric angles (S .Gn, FMA, SN.GoGn, and facial axis) are risk factors for AOB. Only sucking habits demonstrated a positive correlation with an increased AOE. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2010; 20: 59-64. skeletal growth, Soft tissues, Parafunction, muscle 

Heiser W, Niederwanger A, Bancher B, Bittermann G, Neunteufel N, and Kulmer S. 2004. Three-dimensional dental arch and palatal form changes after extraction and nonextractiontreatment. Part 1. Arch length and area. Prospective study of 22 non-ext and 20 ext young adults. “The extraction group showed the same relapse tendency as the nonextraction”. This is despite the extractions cases taking nine months longer to treat and being eighteen months less time out of retention. Non-ext Damage 

Helman,M.1921. Studies on the etiology of Angles class II malocclusal manifestations. Tr. Am. Soc. Orthodontists. pp. 76-97.  We should now turn to the study of the “biologic laws underlying the development of malocclusions”.

Henrikson T and Nilner M  2003. Temporomandibular disorders, occlusion and orthodontic treatment. Journal of Orthodontics, 30:129-137. Material 65 treated Class II girls, 58 untreated girls  and 60 normal girls. Anamnestic records at start and 2 and 3 years later. Normals had least clicking. “TMJ clicking increased in all three groups over the 2 years, but was less common in the normal group”. “TMD fluctuated with no predictable pattern”. 50% of ortho patients had ext. They had more problems before and after treatment but faired about the same as other groups. However tables show that headaches got worse after exts and that muscle tenderness improved twice as much in the non-ext group.

Herbst E. Dreissigjahrige Erfahrugnen mit dem Retentions-Schanier, 1934 Zahnaerztl, Rundschau 43:1515-1524. Described a fixed forward positioner.

Hicks E P, Slow Maxillary Expansion Am J Orthod 73:121-141. 1978. 

Hill RR, Lee CS, and Pados BF. The prevalence of ankyloglossia in children aged < 1 year a systematic review and meta analysis. Pediatric Research, Nature Magazine, Nov 2020. Systematic Revieu of 15 studies. Prevalence was 7% in males and 4% in females. CONCLUSIONS: Tongue-tie is a common anomaly, which has the potential to impact infant feeding. JM ‘no comment, on cause or result of breast feeding’. breastfeeding

Hockle, B. CASE REPORT:Biobloc Orthotropics® and Fixed Appliance Treatment.American Assotiotion of Gnathological Orthopedics. 2014;31:12-19.

Holdaway, R.A. 1983. ‘A Soft-Tissue Cephalometric Analysis and its Use in Orthodontic Treatment Planning’.  American Journal of Orthodontics. 84:1-28.

Honq W-H, Radtar R, Chunq C-I. Relationship between the maxillary transverse dimension and palatally displaced canines: A cone-beam computed tomographic study. Angle Orthod. 2015;85:440-445. Objectives: To examine the relationship between palatally displaced maxillary canines (PDC) and the maxillary transverse dimension. 11 males and 22 females18.2 years with PDC and matched control 22 males and 44 females 18.1 years. Results: “Similar maxillary transverse dimensions, both skeletally and dentally, were found between the PDC and control groups”. JM says this suggests that impacted canines are due more to maxillary length than width. Impacted

. Horiuchi Y, Horiuchi M, and Soma K. 2008. Treatment of severe Class 11 Division 1 deep overbite malocclusion without extractions in an adult. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2008;133:S 121-9. An adult with severe Class 11 Division 1 deep overbite malocclusion; “treatment was completed without premolar extractions”. “After extracting the third molars, the premolars and the molars were bonded”. Contradictions, facial damage, vertical growth. See facial pics /John Mew/faces. JM is baffled.

Ho-A-Yun J A and Sharma P R. The Lifespan of Mandibular Positioning Appliances. Brit Dent Jour 2019; 227: 470 – 473. Mandibular replacement appliances (MRAs) can be used in the treatment of snoring, mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnoea and also TMD. Sample of 60. Results The mean replacement rate was 36.7 months. The main reasons for replacement were: device condition; fit and reduced effectiveness. JM is sure reduction in efficiency due to retraction of Maxilla. Retraction TMD Sleep Apnoea MAD 

Horowitz,E.P. Oxbourne,R.H. & de George,F.C. 1960 “Cephalometric study of craniofacial variations in adult twins”. Angle Orthodontist  30; 1-5.  21 pairs of di-zygotic twins and 35 pairs mono-zygotic.  “Highly significant variations occur in anterior cranial base, mandibular body length, total face height, and lower face height”  JM says all these variations are associated with vertical growth.

Hou HM; Sam K; Hagg U; Rabie ABM; Bendeuse M; Yam LYC; and Ip MS. 2006. Long-term Dentofacial Changes in Chinese Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients after Treatment with a Mandibular Advancement Device. 67 consecutive OSA patients over 3 years. Angle Orth 76; 432-440. 2006. Statistically significant dentofacial changes were observed in this study, but they were of small magnitude.

Howe,R.P. McNamara, J.A. & O’Connor, K.A. 1983. “An examination of tooth crowding and its relationship to tooth size and arch dimensions”. American Journal of orthodontics 83:263-273. “Statistically the crowded and non-crowded groups could not be distinguished on the basis of mesio-distal tooth diameters”.  “Consideration should be given to those treatment techniques which increase dental arch length rather than tooth mass”.(F damage)

Howells D J, and Shaw W C 1985. The validity and reliability of ratings of dental and facial attractiveness for epidemiological use. American Journal of Orthodontics 88: 402-408. Found that good reliability was achieved with a 2 person panel but more would improve reliability.

Hsieh T, Pinskaya Y, and Roberts WE. 2005. Assessment of Orthodontic Treatment Outcomes: Early Treatment versus Late Treatment. Angle Orthodontist 75:162-170. 88 early cases, mean age 10.5 compared with 322 late cases, mean age 13.4. They start by saying “early treatment is most frequently based on empirical judgment rather than evidence”. The paper seems to be a comparison between late treatment and very late treatment. It comes to the conclusion that early treatment resulted in “prolonged treatment time, worse clinical assessment and higher rate of premature termination”. However they found that “the extraction rate was always much lower in the early treatment group” but neglected to mention this in the conclusions!

Hsieh Y-J, Darvann T A, Hermann N V, Larsen P, Llao Y-F, Bjoern-Joergensen J, and Kreiborq S. Denmark, and Taoyuan, Taiwan Facial morphology in children and adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and moderate to severe temporomandibular joint involvement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2016; 149: 182-91). An assessment of lateral facial morphology in children and adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and moderate to severe temporomandibular joint (TMJ) involvement. Sixty patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis were grouped as asymptomatic, with moderate to severe unilateral TMJ, and with moderate to severe bilateral TMJ problems. Results: “Group 3 showed the most severe growth disturbances, including more retrognathic mandible and retruded chin, steep occlusal and mandibular planes, and more hyperdivergent type (P <0.01). Group 2 showed similar growth disturbances, but to a lesser extent than did group 3”. See illustration in ‘special slides’ TMD Mandibula development.. ‘Growth Direction’.

Hunt O, Johnson C, Hepper P, Burden D and Stevenson M. 2002. The influence of maxillary gingival exposure on dental attractiveness ratings. European Journal of Orthodontics 24: 199-204. “More attractive ratings were awarded to those smiles where the amount of gingival exposure was within 0-2 mm”.

Hunt N, Shah R, Sinanan A, Lewis M.  Journal of Orthodontics, 2006, 33: 187-197. Muscling in on malocclusions: Current concepts on the role of muscles in the aetiology and treatment of malocclusion. Northcroft Memorial Lecture 2005. “Of all the problems that confronts us it is abnormalities in the vertical dimension, whether they be in the growing child or the adult, which still present the greatest difficulties both in treatment itself, as well as maintenance of the treatment outcome”. “Type I fibres are slow acting, but fatigue resistant and it is believed that they are responsible for such activity as generation of posture. On the other hand, type 11 fibres are fast acting, but fatigue easily”. Muscle types (see My documents ‘1^st’) ”. Vertical growth genetics environmental. 

Ibitayo AO, Panqrazio-Kulbersh V, Berger J, Bayirlid B. 2011. Dentoskeletal effects of functional appliances vs bimaxillary surgery in hyperdivergent Class 11 patients. Angle Orthod. 2011 ;81 :304-311. Objective: To compare treatment outcomes of growing and non-growing Class 11 patients characterized by mandibular retrusion and increased vertical dimension. Seventeen patients (mean age 9 years 5 months) were treated with a Bionatorfabricated with posterior bite block and high-pull headgear, while 15 patients (mean age 23 years 6 months) received Le Fort I osteotomy for maxillary impaction and mandibular advancement. 17 non-treated controls (Bolton and Michigan growth studies). Conclusion: Both the functional appliances and orthognathic surgery resulted in similar dentoskeletal (vertical) unatractive treatment changes. The control groups did not self correct either in the anteroposterior or vertical dimensions.

Iglesias-Linares A, Yanez-Vico R, Moreno-Manteca S, Moreno-Fernandez A, Mendoza-Mendoza A, and Solano-Reina E. Common standards in facial esthetics: craniofacial analysis of most attractive black and white subjects according to People magazine during previous 10 years. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011 ;69:e216-24. Lateral photos of eighty women (40 black, 40 white) from ‘People Magazine’. The authors concluded that the concept of beauty and facial balance is evolving, with a predilection for increases in facial convexity and lip protrusion. Those considered beautiful had strikingly similar characteristics. There was no control for past facial standards and JM thinks protrusive faces 

patients Dolphin 11.7 software. Measurements of oropharyngeal airway volume (OPV), minimal cross-sectional area (CSAmin), and nasopharyngeal airway volume (NPV) were obtained. Adenoid tissues was recorded have always been popular.

Indrlksone I, Jakobsone G. The influence of craniofacial morphology on the upper airway dimensions. Angle Orthod. 015; 85: 874-880. 276 healthy 17- to 27-year-old patients Dolphin 11.7 software. Measurements of oropharyngeal airway volume (OPV), minimal cross-sectional area (CSAmin), and nasopharyngeal airway volume (NPV) were obtained. Adenoid tissues was recorded. Statistically significant correlations in SNA angle, gender, and presence of adenoids were found. Conclusion: The results suggest that craniofacial morphology alone does not have a significant influence on upper airway dimensions. (JM agrees, most airway obstruction is in the lower airway (Pharyngeal Airway).

Ingervall,B., and Minder,C. 1997 “Correlation between maximum bite force and facial morphology in children”.  The Angle Orthodontist 67:415-422. . “The number and distribution of occlusal contacts change throughout the day depending on the physical state of the masticatory muscles and the mental state of the patient”.   “A clear correlation between maximum bite force and facial form” in girls and boys. (F damage, occlusion posture )

Isaacson RJ, Worms FW, and Spiedel TM..1976.  “Measurement of tooth movement.”  American Journal of Orthodontics. 70: 290-303.  This was a re-assessment of Bjorks original implant work (Bjork and Skellier 1972).  “Remodelling occurs extensively in bony surfaces , making them too labile for use as stable landmarks”.  “Dissimilar amounts of vertical growth in areas supporting either the maxilla or mandible can lead to rotation of the jaws as a part of normal growth and development”.  “This rotation was not obvious in the past since it is masked by external surface remodelling that tends to restore the relationship of the jaws to their original morphology”.  Xrays

Iscan,H.N., and Sarisoy.  1997. Comparison of the effects of posterior bite blocks with different construction bites, on the craniofacial and dentoalveola structures..  American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics.  112: 171-178.  He found that the gonial angle opened after bite blocks were used. (This also happens with Twin-Block appliances F damage). Vertical growth

Iscan, HN. 1992.  “The effects of the spring-loaded posterior bite-block on the maxillo-facial morphology”.  European Journal of Orthodontics:  14: 54-60.  Two matched groups of open-bite subjects, average age 10.3.  Eleven treated with a spring loaded posterior bite block, and twelve treated with passive posterior bite blocks and chin cap.  Upward and forward autorotation of the mandible was the same in both groups.  The gonial angle reduced in the passive group but increased significantly in the spring loaded group.  There was greater dental intrusion in the spring loaded group.  JM thinks in the long term dental intrusion will rebound but gonial angle will remain increased and that spring loaded appliances encourage open mouth posture.

Iseri H, and Solow B. 2000. “Change in the width of the mandibular body from 6 to 23 years of age”: From Björk’s 1968 study. 10 subjects (3F, 7M). from 6 to 18 years. Average total increase was 1.6mm. “After the ossification of the mandibular symphysis, shortly after birth, changes in mandibular width would be expected to occur only by surface apposition or resorption on the buccal surfaces”  “Evidence for an opening hinge movement of the two mandibular halves around a vertical axis located in the region of the mandibular symphysis”. 

Iseri H, and Ozsoy S. 2004. Semirapid Maxillary Expansion-A Study of Long-Term Transverse Effects in Older Adolescents and Adults. Angle Orthod 2004;74:71-78. Material, 20 patients and 20 controls. “RME of 5-7 days, followed by slow maxillary expansion”. This is different from JM’s original definition of SRME as 1mm per week. A fixed expander was used rather than removable.  Findings “dentoskeletal changes after the use of SRME were maintained satisfactorily in the long term (3 years) in older adolescents and adults”. 

Ishii N, Deguchi T and Hunt N R. 2002. Morphological differences in the craniofacial structure between Japanese and Caucasian girls with Class II division 1 malocclusions. European Journal of Orthodontics. 24:61—67.  49 Japanese and 75 British Caucasian girls with Class II/1. “The short anterior cranial base length and excessive vertical development in the Japanese population might be common racial morphological features, but the main reason for the Class II division 1 skeletal disharmony in both races was different; it was caused by the anteriorly positioned maxilla in Caucasians and the backward rotated mandible in the Japanese”. “In Caucasians this may “indicate a horizontal problem”. JM appalled

Ismail MLSFH and Moss JP. 2002. The three-dimensional effects of orthodontic treatment on the facial soft tissues: a preliminary study. Br Dent J 192:104-1083. 12 Ext and 12 non-extpatients. “The effects of the two types of treatment on the facial soft tissues were very similar, indicating that orthodontic treatment involving the extraction of teeth does not have a detrimental effect on the face”. “The average face of the non-extraction patients was of greater general dimensions than the extraction average, both at the start and the end of treatment”. Reiewer (Bob Evans) says “. However this, as the authors acknowledge, is not a perfect study; the groups were small and not closely matched; the age range was large ie 10— 18 years; no control (untreated) group was included and no details of the orthodontic status were given i.e. why and which teeth were extracted”. Faces damage extractions.

Ivan A, Luca R, Olaru A, Dumitra_J and Vinereanu A. Hypodontia in temporary dentition: epidemiologic study. Revista Romana de Medicina Dentara. 2006; !X: 27-36.. 2250 children between 3 and 6.“In our study group there was no missing second temporary molar”. JM says interesting as the lower second premolar was one of the most common. “Permanent successors of the missing temporary’ teeth are most commonly absent”. “However, there were 3 exceptions to this pattern, all in male patients. One has mild hypodontia with a missing lower right temporary canine (83) followed by the absence of the lateral incisor in the same quadrant (42).” JM says again very interesting as both findings support his theory that shortage of space is a common factor. Missing teeth, anodontia.

Iwasaki T, Saltoh I, Takernoto Y, lnada E, Kakuno E, Kanoml R, Hayasakl H, and Yamasaki Y. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2013;143:235-4.Tongue posture improvement and pharyngeal airway enlargement as secondary effects of rapid maxillary expansion: A cone-beam computed tomography study. Twenty-eight subjects age 9.96 +/- 1.21 years. Twenty controls had regular orthodontics. Nasal airway ventilation was analyzed by using computational fluid dynamics, 

and intraoral airway (the low tongue space between tongue and palate) and pharyngeal airway volumes were measured. Conclusion. In children with nasal obstruction, RME not only reduces nasal obstruction but also raises tongue posture and enlarges the pharyngeal airway. “Habitual mouth breathing remained after removal of the cause of the nasal obstruction” JM wonders for how long. “Therefore, improvement of nasal airway obstruction might be more important than expansion of a constricted dentition to improve tongue posture”. 

Iwasaki T, Sato H, Suga H, Takemoto Y, Inada E, Saitoh I, Kakuno E, Kanomi R and Yamasak Y. Relationships of adenoids, tonsils, and tongue posture with maxillofacial form in Class 11 and Class 111 children. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2017;151:929-40. Introduction: Sixty-four subjects (mean age, 9.3 years) with malocclusion were divided into Class II and Class Ill groups by ANB angles. Methods:. Nasal resistance was calculated.Results: Nasal resistance of the Class Il group was significantly larger than that of the Class Ill group (P = 0.005). Nasal resistance of the Class II group was significantly correlated with inferior tongue posture (P <0.001) and negatively correlated with intermolar width (P = 0.028). Tonsil size of the Class I Il group was significantly correlated with anterior tongue posture (P <0.001) and mandibular incisor anterior position (P = 0.007). Anterior tongue posture of the Class 111 group was significantly correlated with mandibular protrusion. Airway.

Jacobson Alex,  American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1999;115:page 111 Reviewing “VTO predicted Profile Changes. comments “It has long been recognised that orthodontic treatment can affect the facial profile for the good or detriment of the patient”.

Jagger RG, Korszun A. Phantom bite ‘revisited’. British Dental Journal 2004; 197: 241-244. See Letters to Journals BDJ Phantom Bite.

Janson G, de Souza JEP, Alves FA, Andrade CP Jr, Nakamura CA, de Freitas MR and Henriquesd JFC. 2005. Extreme dentoalveolar compensation in the treatment of Class III malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2005;128:787 -94. Orthodontic treatment of an adult skeletal Class III.. Surgery was avoided by proclining the maxillary teeth and closing the bite by molar extractions which allowed the incisors to come into class I contact. Similar to JMs method but exts instead of grinding.

Janson G, Vinicius M, Karina C Salvatore de Freitas M, Roberto de Freitas M and Janson W.2008. Evaluation of anterior open-bite treatment with occlusal adjustment. AJO & DO.134:10-11. 20 patients (?selected) who experienced relapse of the anterior open bite (mean, -1.06 mm). Occlusal adjustment (grinding) until positive overbite. Results: Significant increases in overbite and mandibular protrusion were seen, as were significant decreases in apical base discrepancy, facial convexity, and growth pattern angles. Dentinal sensitivity increased immediately after the adjustment but decreased to normal levels after 4.61 months(no obtundent used?). After removing enamel from the posterior teeth to reduce the vertical dimension, the mean increase in overbites was 2.38 mm. AJO editor thought a possible alternative to vertical elastics. Grinding can help.

Janson G, Barros SEC, de Freitas MR, Henriques JFC, and Pinzan A. 2007. Class 11 treatment efficiency in maxillary premolar extraction and non-extraction protocols. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2007;132:490-8. 43 non-extraction, 69 patients extraction (2 premolars). A PAR study of models. “Extraction protocol has greater treatment efficiency” (JM adds At what?). No indication of skeletal or facial changes.

Janson G, Branco N C, Fernandes T M F, Sathler R, Garib D, and Laurls J R P. 2011. Influence of orthodontic treatment, midline position, buccal corridor and smile arc on smile attractiveness. A systematic review. Angle Orthod. 2011 ;81 : 153-161. Material EBM Reviews of PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase from past three decades. 203 articles; 13classified as high quality. Extractions “have no predictable effect”. “midline deviation of 2.2 mm can be considered acceptable by both orthodontists and laypeople”. “Treatment modality alone can not influence smile esthetics”. “Those studies that used digitally altered images brought out the opposite results than those studied with actual images”.

Janson G, Francisco OE, Golzueta M, Garib DG, Janson M. 2011. Relationship between maxillary and mandibular base lengths and dental crowding in patients with complete Class 11 malocclusions. Angle Orthod. 2011 ;S1 :217-221.) (47 male, 33 female) divided into two groups according to the amount of mandibular tooth-arch size discrepancy. Conclusion: Decreased maxillary and mandibular effective lengths constitute an important factor associated with dental crowding in patients with complete Class II malocclusion. Dental crowding; Apical base length, Arch length.

Janson G, Pinelli Valarelli D, Pinelli Valarelli F, and de Freitas, M. Treatment times of Class II malocclusion: four premolar and non-extraction protocols European Journal of Orthodontics. (2012) 34; 182-187 “Treatment times with non-extraction and four premolar extraction protocols are similar”, “2.36, 2.47, 2.25, and 2.64 years, respectively”. JM says most orthodontists say less but!!

Jarvinen,S.H.K.  1993 “Posterior cranial base and sagittal jaw relationship”. European Journal of Orthodontics.  15; 448. (Changes during growth) CBA sphenoid saddle angle

Jefferson T, Rudin M, Brodney Folse S, Davidoff F. Editorial peer review for improving the quality of reports of biomedical studies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; issue 2.Conclusions At present, little empirical evidence is available to support the use of editorial peer review as a mechanism to ensure quality of biomedical research.

Jena AK, Duggal R, and Parkashc H. 2006. Skeletal and dentoalveolar effects of Twinblockand Bionator appliances in the treatment of Class 11 malocclusion: A comparative study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2006;130:594-602. Material 25 Twin-block, 20 Bionator and 10 controls. “The same physical growth maturation status” (ages not given). Used Pitch Fork analysis. “Twin-block was more efficient”. “Neither appliance was efficient in restricting forward growth of the maxilla”. JM wrote to AJO.

Jeonq K H, Kim D, Song Y-M, Sungd J and Kim Y H. Epidemiology and genetics of hypodontia and microdontia: A study of twin families. Angle Orthod. 2015;85:980-985. To identify genetic and environmental factors contributing to hypodontia and microdontia by comparing Korean twin family data (525 men and 742 women) with v 180 monozygotic twins [MZ] and 43 dizygotic twins [DZ] from 282 families. Results: The prevalence of hypodontia and microdontia was 3.55 and 3.00, respectively. Conclusions: This twin-based study revealed that the formation of dental anomalies is affected by both genetic and environmental factors. “A Higher prevalence of dental anomalies has been reported in studies that have examined orthodontic patients vs those that have examined the general population”. (JM says skews figures). “Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of dental anomalies”. Pooled analysis for microdontia/hypodontia suggests strong shared environmental effects only between twins that are not seen in siblings, indicating the possible importance of early life influences (such as intrauterine environment or nutrition in early infancy). “JM says this suggests a ‘predisposition’ not a ‘cause”.“Because the twin study population in this study was community based, the prevalence of hypodontia that we calculated is likely to be an accurate estimate of the prevalence of hypodontia in the Korean general population, and is therefore much lower than that reported in previous studies that examined orthodontic patients.” JM says this applies to other factors such as sleep apnea and impactions. 

Jones M and Chan C. The pain and discomfort experienced during orthodontic treatment: A randomized controlled clinical trial of two initial aligning wires. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop1992; 102: 373-381. After 24 hours found more pain from initial placement of archwires than extractions. RCT

Johnston C, Hunt O, Burden D, Stevenson M and Hepper P. 2005. The influence of mandibular prominence on facial attractiveness. European Journal of Orthodontics 27 (2005) 129-133. “102 social science students (28 m, 74 f) rated the attractiveness of a series of silhouettes with normal, Class 11 or Class III profiles”. The study was based on the Eastman ‘normal’ of SNA 81, SNB 78 (which JM considers ‘vertical’ and retrognathic). Unsurprisingly this was considered the optimum. 5º prognathic was considered preferable to 5º post normal. Silhouettes. appearance.

Johnston L.E. 1990 Fear and loathing in orthodontics: notes on the death of theory. D S Carlson (Ed). Craniofacial Growth Series 23. The University of Michigan Ann Arbor “Clinical practice …is at bottom largely an empirical process that is little influenced by theory inferred from any of the life sciences”.

Johnston LE, 1999. ‘Growing Jaws for Fun and Profit’.  What doesn’t and why. J.A. McNamara, (ed). CraniofaciaI Growth Señes 35, Center for Human Growth and Development. The University of Michigan. Ann Arbor.  “Our newfound enthusiasm for elderly European therapies is still something of a monument to expediency and wishful thinking”..

Johnston. L E. 2000. Rendering unto Caesar, what is Ceasar’s: The role of normal growth in the correction of class II malocclusion. VIII International Symposium on Dento Facial development and Function. Mainz. October 2000.  “Skeletal change is preferable to mere dental camouflage; functional appliances are preferable to fixed”. “What is the basis for this idea?”. “Given the complexity of craniofacial biology in general and facial growth in particular, it would be truly remarkable if small pieces of plastic could, in some unspecified way, alter the pattern of facial growth”. “Invoking the magic word, “function,” is not an explanation”. “Indeed, so complete is our faith that we no longer feel the need to investigate, discuss, debate, or even think about the mechanisms and “theories” of facial growth”.

Johnston and Bowman /// “Attempts were made to contact each of 2500 St Louis University Class II Edgewise (0.022mm) patients who completed treatment between1969 and 1980”. Unfortunately for various reasons only 57 (2.3%) of these were included.  They found “Premolar extraction reduces soft and hard tissue convexity by 2 to3 mm whereas non-extraction therapy has little effect” but despite this say. “The present findings therefore fail to support the common, influential belief that premolar extraction frequently causes ‘dished in’ profiles, ‘distalised mandibles and ultimately craniomandibular dysfunction”. This was anegative result based on a two percent sample which was likely to have included a higher proportion of satisfied patients must be considered flawed.  (Facial damage).

Jonsson A, Malmgren O, and Levander E. 2007. European Journal of Orthodontics 29: 482-487. Long-term follow-up of tooth mobility in maxillary incisors with orthodonticallyinduced apical root resorption. 36 patients with severely resorbed maxillary incisors, a total of 139 teeth. “In teeth with a root length of less than 10 millimeters increasing mobility can be expected with age”.   

Joss CU, Thuer UW. Stability of the hard and soft tissue profile after mandibular advancement in sagittal split osteotomies: a longitudinal and long-term follow-up study. Eur JOrthod 2OO8;30: 16-23. 16 consecutive cases in Bern followed for 12.7 years. On average approximately half the advancement was lost. Surgery relapse 

Jung MH, Yanq WS, Seok Nahm DS. 2010. Maximum Closing Force of Mentolabial Muscles and Type of Malocclusion Angle Orthod 2010;80:72-79. Objective: To measure the closing force of the upper and lower lips and to ascertain the relationship between the maximum closing force of the mentolabial muscles and types of malocclusion. 99 subjects with second molars, positive overbite and no permanent tooth loss. “The lip closing force was greater in male and Class I subjects”. Upper lip force was greater than that of the lower lip in all groups. “Lip closing forces were related to the variables of upper incisor angulation”. In Class 11 subjects, the values of lip closing forces were also related to the vertical skeletal pattern (JM thinks because of lip trap). Conclusions: The mentolabial muscle force was highly correlated with dentofacial structure and types of malocclusion. (JM still believes minimum strengthwith good lip seal is best and those who struggle to achieve lip seal have stronger lips)

Joury E, Johal A and Marcenes W. European Journal of Orthodontics 33:263-269 2010. The role of socio-economic position in predicting orthodontic treatment outcome at the end of 1 year of active treatment. 145 consecutively selected 12- to 16-year-old males and females.The response rate was 98.6%. “Mothers from a low social class were less likely to achieve a high improvement in occlusion than those whose mothers were from a high social class”. “The father’s social class, parental education, and employment status were not significantly associated with improvement in occlusion”. Social class rich poor.

Julku J, Pirila-Parkkinen k, and Pirttiniemi P. Airway and hard tissue dimensions in children treated with early and timed cervical headgear – a randomised controlled trial. European Journal of Orthodontics 2018; 40: 285-295. “A significant decrease in SNA was found in the males treated under 8 years old when comared with the over 8 group of males. “The same effect was found when the genders were pooled”. Maxilla more mobile when young, midface retraction, early treatment

Kacer K A, Valiathan M, Narendran S, and Hans M G. Retainer wear and compliance in the first 2 years after active orthodontic treatment. 2010. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2010;138:592-8. 1200 orthodontic patients were selected from 4 offices. Self-administered questionnaire. Compliance decreased from around 70% in the first 3 months to 45% from 19 to 24 months. Retention.

Kahl-nieke.B, Fischback.H, and Schwarze.C.W.  1995. “Post retention crowding and incisor irregularity: A long term follow-up evaluation of stability and relapse”. BJO.22:249-257.  An interesting follow-up of 1464 patients of whom 299 participated.  Congenically absent and traumatically missing lost incisors were excluded and 95 male and 131 females finally included.  Pretreatment age was 11.3, treatment time 4.2 years and average follow-up age 31.2  Pre-treatment differences between extraction and non-extraction patients were addressed by segregating the sample into balanced sub-groups. “The extraction subgroup exhibited significantly more relapse of crowding and rotation than the non-extraction sample”.  “However the amount of therapeutic increase of upper and lower inter-molar width was found to be a factor in mandibular incisor relapse, which occurred more often in cases with excessive (> 4.0mm) posterior expansion”.  However these patients were not being taught to keep their mouths closed   Orthotropists might not think 4mm excessive and for averaged size patients I consider 42 to 44 mm to be the minimum maxillary width to accommodate a tongue which is likely to require 10mm or more expansion. (F damage)

Kajii T S, Sato Y, Kajii S, Sugawara Y, and Lida J. 2004. Agenesis of Third Molar Germs Depends on Sagittal Maxillary Jaw Dimensions in Orthodontic Patients in Japan. Angle Orthod 74:337-342. 391 patients under 15. The frequency of bothmandibular and maxillary third molar agenesis “increased with decreasing sagittal dimensions of the maxillary basal bone”. Missing teeth

Kajiyama K, Murakami T, and Suzuki A. 2004. Comparison of orthodontic and orthopedic effects of a modified maxillary protractor between deciduous and early mixed dentitions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 126:23-32. 34 subjects in deciduous dentition and 29 subjects in early mixed dentition, and 57 untreated class IIIs. “The velocity of maxillary advancement becomes slower as dental age increases”. The deciduous dentition group had significantly greater “clockwise relocation of the mandible”. Young early treatment.

Kalha AS, Kachiwala VA. Govardhan SN, McLaughlin RP, Khurshaid SZ. 2010. Redefining orthodontic space closure: sequential repetitive loading of the periodontal ligament-a clinical study. World J Orthod 11:221-229. Two groups of ten patients were followed after premolar extractions. Spaces were closed with a screw device in the first group and with active tie-backs in the second. Sixty (25%) roots showed no root resorption, while 180 (75%) roots displayed mild to moderate blunting of their apices. Gingival crevicular fluid-alkaline phosphatase level increased significantly from day 7 to day 28 in both groups, but significantly more in the screw retraction group (P < .05). Space closure occurs more rapidly with sequential repetitive loading of the periodontal ligament than with conventional active tie-backs. (JM says. This suggests that semi-rapid expansion is near ideal.). Intermittent loading.

Kanavakls G, and Mehta N. 2014. The role of occlusal curvatures and maxillary arch dimensions in patients with signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders.  Angle Orthod. 2014;84:96-101.) Objective: To identify differences in occlusal curvatures and maxillary arch dimensions between subjects with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) and asymptomatic subjects. 100 untreated subjects (78 female and 22 male) No Controls. Results: Significant associations were revealed between the depth of the curve of Spee (COS) and TMJ sounds. JM says indicates tongue betwee teeth posture.

Karamouzos A, Athanasiou A E, Papadopoulos M A, and Kolokithas G. 2010. Tooth-colorassessment after orthodontic treatment: A prospective clinical trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 138:537-9. 26 consecutive patients with bonded brackets. The spectrophotometric data was recorded before and after treatment. Conclusions: “The color of natural teeth is changed in various ways after fixed orthodontic treatment”. Damage enamel 

Karlsen,A.T. 1997. “Association between facial height development and mandibular growth rotation in low and high MP-SN angle faces: A longitudinal study”.  The Angle Orthodontist 67: 103-110.

Katoh Y, Ansai T, Takehara T, Yamashita Y, Miyazaki H, Jenny J and Cons N. 1988.  A comparison of DAI scores and characteristics of occlusal traits in three ethnic groups of Asian origin.  International Dental Journal..  48:405-411. “Malocclusion was evaluated in 1029 Japanese and 176 Chinese in Taiwan students utilising the DAI, and the findings were compared with those of Native Americans and white Americans”. “Genetic factors might have an influence on the characteristics of malocclusion”.  JM agrees but genetics are not the cause

Katsaros,C, Zissis A, Bresin A, and Kiliaridis S. 2006. Functional influence on sutural bone apposition in the growing rat. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2006;129:352-7. 26 male rats on soft or hard diets. “Bone apposition in the studied facial sutures in the anterior facial skeleton of the growing rat is significantly affected by reduced masticatory function”. Hard food chewing gum

Katsavrias E G, and Voudouris J, 2004. The Treatment Effect of Mandibular Protrusive Appliances on the Glenoid Fossa for Class 11 Correction. Angle Orthod 74:79-85. Tomograms of 35 patients. “Contrary to animal research and magnetic resonance findings, it seems possible that glenoid fossa modelling is not induced by mandibular protrusive appliances”. Against JM see also Voudaris 2003.

Kecik. D. Three-dimensional analyses of palatal morphology and its relation to upper
airway area in obstructive sleep apnea. Angle Orthodontist, 2017; 87:300-306. To evaluate the relationship between palatal morphology and pharyngeal airway morphology. Compare Maxillary dental cast measurements from 25 patients with (OSA) with a non-snoring and 25 non-apneic control group. “A significant correlation exists between palatal morphology area and pharyngeal airway”.

Keeling,,S.D., Wheeler,T.T., King,G.J., Garvan,C.W., Cohen,D.A., Cabassa, S., McGoray,S.P., and Taylor, M.G.   1998.  “Anteroposterior skeletal and dental changes after early Class II treatment with bionators and headgear”.  American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics.  Vol.  113:40-50.  Two hundred and forty nine children assigned to control, bionator and headgear/bite plane groups.  “the headgear/bite plane and bionator do not affect maxillary growth”.  They accept that this is counter to current opinion and it does not appear that any expansion was used.. (JM finds this hard to believe but the bite plate may cause a temporary intrusion but Battagel says vertical doesn’t show) (Facial Damage)

Kenealy PM, Kingdon A, Richmond S, Shaw WC. The Cardiff dental study: A 20-year critical evaluation of the psychological health gain from orthodontic treatment.
Br J Health Psychol. 2007 Feb;12(Pt 1):17-49. Over a thousand 11-12 year olds were recruited to the project in Cardiff in 1981, and their dental health and psycho-social wellbeing assessed. Finally in 2001, then aged 31-32. Shaw said. “Orthodontic treatment, in the form of braces placed on children’s teeth in childhood, had little positive impact on their psychological health and quality of life in adulthood.”

Kerosuo,H. Laine,T. Nyyssonen,V. & Honkala,E. 1991 “characteristics in groups of Tanzanian and Finnish urban schoolchildren”.  Angle Orthodontist.  61; 49-56. (Facial damage)

Kennel Club Illustrated Breeds Standards. 2003. Random House Ltd London Dogs

Kerr,N,W and Ringrose,T,J.  1998..”Factors affecting the lifespan of the human dentition in Britain prior to the seventeenth century”. BDJ 184:242-246. “The apices of the teeth of the human dentition (after normal growth has ceased) can and do move in a coronal direction in response to severe occlusal wear”.  “It appears to be independent of alveolar bone”.

Kerr,WJS William,JS and Linder-Aronson, S. 1988? “Mandibular form and position related to changed mode of breathing – a five year longitudinal study”.  Angle Orthodontist. 59: 91-96.   After adenoidectomy there “were increases in mandibular corpus and overall length”.  Changes in the gonial angle “were probably masked by remodeling“ (F damage airway)

Kerr,W.J.S. 1991 “The variability of some cranio-facial dimensions”.  Angle Orthodontist.  61; 205210.  Shows that Class II/2 are unlikely to be inherited.

Kerr WJS, Miller S Ayme SB & Wilheim N  “Mandibular form and position in 10 year old boys”.  AJO&DO. 106:115-120.1994.  The mandibles of 124 boys with different occlusions were outlined with a computer plotting technique.  Surprisingly  Class I, II (both divisions),& III all had similar form and size.  The prognathism in the class III cases was due to a more obtuse cainial base angle.  They also concluded that class II division 2 “is largely a dento alveola rather than a skeletal entity that should therefore make it more amenable to orthodontic correction”.  It might have been prudent to have added “and relapse”

Kerosuo,H. Laine,T. Nyyssonen,V. & Honkala,E. 1991 “Occlusal characteristics in groups of Tanzanian and Finnish urban schoolchildren”.  Angle Orthodontist.  61; 49-56.

Keski-Nisula K, Hernesniemi R, Heiskanen M, Keski-Nisula L and Varrela J. 2008. Orthodontic intervention in the early mixed dentition: A prospective, controlled study on the effects of the eruption guidance appliance. AmJ Orthod Oentofacial Orthop 2008;133:254-60. A prospective, controlled cohort study. 167 treated children treated in the mixed dentition and 104 controls. Treatment began when the first deciduous incisor was exfoliated (T1 5.1 years) and ended when all permanent incisors and first molars were fully erupted (T2 8.4 years). At T1 82% of treatment group had open bites (78% of controls). At T2, only 1% of the treated children had open bites and 76% of the controls (P <.001). Almost half of children in both groups showed incisor crowding at T1. Good alignment of the incisors was observed in 98% of the treated children at T2, whereas maxillary crowding was found in 32% and mandibular crowding in 47% of the controls (P <.001). Powerful stuff! Early treatment.

Kiekens R M A, Van ‘t Hof M A, Straatman H, Kuijpers-Jagtman A M, and Maltha J C. 2007 Influence of panel composition on aesthetic evaluation of adolescent faces. European Journal of Orthodontics 29: 95-99. Found that a panel of 7 would give reliable results.

Kiekens RMA, Maltha JC, Hof MA van’t, Straatman H and Kuijpers-Jagtman AM. Panel perception of change in facial aesthetics following orthodontic treatment in adolescentsEuropean Journal of Orthodontics 2008. 30: 141-146. A panel of 74 adult laymen (35 males and 39 females),and a panel of 87 orthodontists (37 males and 50 females) evaluated sets of three post-treatment standardized photographs. “a panel of nine randomly selected orthodontists, a panel of 14 randomly selected laymen, or a mixed panel of 13 individuals is sufficient to obtain reliable results”.

Kingsley N W 1880. A treatise on oral deformities as a branch of mechanical surgery. H K Lewis London. Early American dentist who used obturators for cleft palates. Kiliaridis.S, Mejersjo,C., & Thilander, B. 1989 “Muscle function and cranio-facial morphology: a clinical study in patients with Myotonic Dystrophy”  European .Journal of Orthodontics. 11:131-138.. “. (F damage)

Kiliaridis.S, & Kalebo,P. 1991. “Masseta muscle thickness measured by ultrasonography and its relation to muscle morphology”.Journal of Dental Research. 70:1262-1265. 17 students were told to chew hard chewing gum for one hour a day (plus 8 non chewing controls).  “4 weeks training with a hard chewing gum seems to influence the functional capacity of the masticatory muscles and increase their strength”.  This might be a good exercise for BIOBLOC patients.

Kiliaridis.S. 2000.  Training Effect on bite force and masticatory muscles. . VIII International Symposium on Dentofacial Development and Function. Mainz.  “Chewing hard gum increases muscles force.”  “Twin Blocks reduce muscle force”.

Kiliaridis S, Lyka I, Friede H, Carlsson GE, Ahlqwist M. Vertical position, rotation, and tipping of molars without antagonists. Int J Prosthodont. 2000 Nov-Dec;13(6):480-6. PURPOSE: There has been a general belief that permanent teeth without antagonists overerupt. However, very few studies in the literature support this statement. 53 individuals were examined clinically, and dental casts taken. There were 84 molars (61 in the maxilla and 23 in the mandible) with a documented period of at least 10 years without antagonists. RESULTS: 84 molars examined, 15 teeth (18%) revealed no signs of overeruption, 49 teeth (58%) displayed overeruption of less than 2 mm, and 20 teeth (24%) showed moderate to severe overeruption. 82% over erupted more in younger patients.

Kilic N, Oktay H, Selimoğlu E, and Erdem A. Effects of semirapid maxillary expansion on conductive hearing loss. AJODO 2008; 133: 846–851. To investigate long-term effects of semirapid maxillary expansion (SRME) with an acrylic bonded appliance on conductive hearing loss by using audiometric and tympanometric records. Methods: 19 growing subjects who had narrow maxillary arches and conductive hearing loss. Results. Middle-ear volume increased at a statistically significant level after maxillary expansion and continued to increase until the end of treatment. Conclusions:SRME treatment has a positive and statistically significant effect on both hearing and normal functioning of the eustachian tubes in patients with transverse maxillary deficiency and conductive hearing loss.

Kilin A, Arslan S, Kama J, Ozer T and Dari O. Effects on the sagital pharyngeal dimensions of protraction and rapid palatal expansion in Class III malocclusion subjects. European Journal of Orthadontics 30 (2008) 61-66. Material 18 class III patients. “These results demonstrated that maxillary expansion together with protraction of the maxilla improved naso- and oropharyngeal airway dimensions in the short term”. It also took the maxilla forward.

Kim H, and Gianelly A A. 2003 Extraction vs Non-extraction: Arch Widths and Smile Esthetics. Angle Orthodontist. 73:354-358. “Dental casts of 30 patients treated with extraction and 30 patients without extraction”. Facial aesthetics, judged on “the immediate peri-oral area” and Canine width did not change. When arch widths of both groups were measured at a set distance behind the incisors, the extraction group was 1.8 mm wider in the mandible and 1.7 mm wider in the maxilla. Great stuff but JM is sure incisors were back. 

Kim M-J. The dental and skeletal effects of the Cetlin appliance. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2006;130:807. Pre-treatment and post-Cetlin appliance lateral cephalograms of 45 subjects. 6/6 distalized 2.29 mm. Max incisors moved labially 4.08 mm. Mand plane opened 1.24°. Anterior facial height increased by 3.8 mm. “It is not advisable to use the Cetlin appliance when a vertical increase is undesirable”. Face. Growth.

Kim S-H, Cho J-H, Chung K-R, Kook YA, and Nelson G. Removal torque values of surface-treated mini-implants after loading. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2008;134:36-43. Sand-blasted, large-grit, and acid-etched surface-treated mini-implant (Cimplant, Clmplant Co, Seoul, South Korea) are designed to endure heavy and dynamic loads. Sixty-four mini-implants (1.8 mm in diameter and 8.5 mm in length) were placed in 37 patients and were subjected to early loading (4 weeks healing period). Removal Torque Values were higher after a 6 months non-loading period. JM thinks OK to support stud dentures.

Kim  T-W,  Artun  J,  Behbehani  F,  Artese  F.  Prevalence  of  third  molar  impaction  in  orthodontic  patients  treated  nonextraction  and  with  extractions  of  4  premolars.  Am  J  Orthod  Dentofacial  Orthop  2003;123:138-145. More Third Molars were extracted in patients treated none-extraction. Wisdom

Kitafusa, Y : Significance of the Indicator Line for Class III Treatment. European Journal of Orthodontics, 23(5):617-618.2001

Kitafusa, Y: Changing Occlusal Patterns and the Indicator Line in Extraction and Non-Extraction Treatment. European Journal of Orthodontics, 24(5):568.2001

Kitafusa, Y, 2010. ‘Occlusal Patterns in Orthodontic Patients Using the Occlusal Force Measuring System’. In Current Therapy in Orthodontics. Eds R, Nanda and S Kapila. PblMoseby, St Louis. 63146. Uses the Dental Prescale Occluzer System which leaves marks on pressure sensitive sheets. Showed that there is a progressive increase in both contact area and total occlusal force in horizontal (Brachyfacial) patients when compared with Vertical (Doliofacial) patients.

Kjaer I. Morphological characteristicsof dentitions developing excessive root resorptionduring orthodontic treatment. Eur J Orthod 1995 17: 25-34. Showed less resorption under 11 years old. Resorption avoided if ortho completed before the roots were fully developed.

Klocke A, Nanda R Sand Ghosh J. 2000 “Muscle activity with the mandibular lip bumper”. “.  American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics..  117:384-390.  “Insertion of the lip bumper resulted in significantly increased activity of the upper and lower lips at rest”. Twelve months later there was no indication of “adaptation of the lower lip to the appliance”. As lip bumpers are unlikely to increase stabilirty they recommend “a retention protocol similar to that for conventional arch expansion”.

Klocke A, Korbmacher H, Kahl-Nieke B.  2000. Influence of Orthodontic Appliances on Myofunctional Therapy. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics.  61:414-420. The opinions of 44 myofunctional therapists in Hamburg. The Nance holding arch was given the most negative rating. The quadhelix expansion device and Hyrax palatal expander were rated as unfavorable. Regular fixed appliances (brackets, bands) were not considered a disturbance. Habit reminders (plates and spurs) were given a very negative rating.  Frankels function regulator was given the best.

Kluemper,G.T., Vig, P.S. and Vig. K.W.L.  1995.  “Nasorespiratory characteristics and craniofacial morphology”.  European Journal of Orthodontics.  17:491-495.   Facial morphology was assessed  from Cephs of 102 patients using the SNORT apparatus.  “Our findings do not support the assertion that facial morphology and respiratory mode are closely related.”  JM agrees with this conclusion but it is very misleading as many children have open mouth posture but no nasal obstruction. “. (F damage)

Knight H and Keith O. Ranking facial attractiveness. 2005. European Journal of Orthodontics. 2005. 27:340-348. Material. 30 male and 30 female faces were assessed by a panel of six clinicians and six non-clinicians to create a scale of attractiveness. Agreement between and within each group was high. Surprisingly ANB and anterior lower face height “showed minimal correlation with facial attractiveness” although longer chins looked better on boys. JM wonders if very attractive or ugly people were less inclined to volunteer as there were few in the final sample. (JM This suggests that cephalometric values may differ from facial judgments) Faces facial appearance vertical

Knosel M, Jung K, Kinzinger G, Bauss O and Engelke W. 2010. A controlled evaluation of oral screen effects on intra-oral pressure curve characteristics. European Journal of Orthodontics 32: 535-541. Hannover. Used an oral screen with tubes to measure negative pressure. “The formation of malocclusions is often correlated with altered tension of the soft tissues (Thuer and Ingervall, 1986; Mew, 2004) and may partly be attributed to a disturbance in the environmental force equilibrium”. “However, these previous studies on intra-oral forces mostly do not take into consideration negative intra-oral pressure as a contributory factor”. “A remarkable result of their study (Frohlich et al. 1991) was the negative intra-oral pressure recorded in the upper and lower incisor and upper molar region that, until then, had not been detected because previous measurement methods, including strain gauge transducers, were unable to record negative pressures (Proffit, 1978)”. “A significant correlation between intra oral pressure curve characteristics and malocclusion was corroborated for the pressure plateau duration in Angles II/2”. JM says this is what my father told me in 1938.

Ko JM, Young Ju Suh YJ, Honq J, Paenq JY, Baek SH, Klrn YH. Segregation analysis of mandibular prognathism in Korean orthognathic surgery patients and their families. Angle Orthod. 2013;83:1027-1035. Investigate the existence of genetic influences on the incidence of mandibular prognathism (MP) in Korean Class III patients. 100 Class III patients (51 men and 49 women) age, 22.1 who underwent orthognathic surgery. Using three-generation pedigree charts for a total of 3777 relatives. Familial correlations were estimated. Heritability was estimated. Results: Among 3777 relatives, 199 (97 men and 102 women) were affected with MP (5.3%). Conclusion: Class III due to the summation of minor effects from a variety of different genes and/or influence of environmental factors, rather than Mendelian transmission of major genes. 

Koletsi O, Fleming PS, Eliades T and Pandis N. The evidence from Systematic Reviews and meta-analyses published in orthodontic literature. Where do we stand? Euro J Orthod. 2015; 37:603-609. Electronic searching was undertaken to identify SRs published in five major orthodontic journals and the CDSR between January 2000 and June 2014. One hundred and fifty-seven SRs were identified. 21 per cent (n = 9) of included meta-analyses were considered to have a high/moderate quality of evidence according to GRADE, while the majority were of low or very low quality (n = 34; 79.0 per cent). “Orthodontic SRs was predominantly low to very low”.

Kovero, O. Kononen, M and Pirinen, S.  1997.  “The effect of professionaol violin and viola playing on the bony facial structures”.  European Journal of Orthodontics.  19: 39-45.

Twenty six professional right-handed violinists and viiolists, on average they had been playing 36 hours a week for 29 years.  They had “smaller face height, greater proclination of the maxillary incisors and greater length of the mandibular corpus”.”. (F damage)

Kraus,B.S. Wise,W.J. & Frei,R.M.  “Heredity and the crainio-facial complex.”  American Journal of Orhtodontics 45:172-217. 1959″. (Re twins)

Kreiborg, S., Leth-Jensen, B., Moller, E. & Bjork, A. “Cranio-facial Growth in a Case of Congenital Muscular Dystrophy”. E.O.S. Congress, Copenhagen, 1977. Gross vertical growth following MS.

Krishnan V. 2007 Orthodontic pain: from causes to management-a review. European Journal of Orthodontics 29: 170-179. “Surprisingly, this important area, in clinical practice as well as research, is ignored, as evidenced by the scarcity of publications”. “It is also clear that fixed appliances produce more pain than removable or functional”. “Clinicians usually respond to the most frequently asked question “Will it hurt?” with the answer ‘There may be some discomfort associated with all orthodontic procedures’ ”. “The two most important parts of orthodontic pain-its duration and intensity are often ignored”. Satisfaction public patient 

Krukerneyer AM, Arruda AO, Inqlehart MR. 2009. Pain and Orthodontic Treatment: Patient Experiences and Provider Assessments. Angle Orthod. 79:1175-1181. Survey of 116 adolescent patients “Orthodontists underestimated the degree to which orthodontic treatment caused pain for their patients and their patients’ use of pain medication”. 

Kumar S, Williams A, Ireland A, and Sandy J. Orthognathic cases: what are the surgical costs? European Journal of Orthodontics 30 (2008) 31-39. Study of hospital cost which ranged from £4000 to $1200. Presumably private patients would be charged two to three times as much. Surgery.

Kurol,J., Owman-Moll,P and Lundgren,D.  1996. “Time related root resorption after application of a controlled continuous orthodontic force”.   American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics.  110: 303-310.  112 maxillary pre-molars from 56 children.  “An orthodontic force of 50 grammes”.  This force “is below that used in other reports to minimise adverse tissue reactions”  In one tooth after 3 weeks  “resorption had reached the pulp in the apical third of the root”.  “In eight teeth after 3 to 7 weeks, one resorption in each tooth had extended half way to the pulp”.  “This clinical study showed that root resorption is an early and frequent iatrogenic consequence of orthodontic treatment, even after application of a force below what is often used in other clinical situations”.  “93% of teeth showed some root resorption but none of this could be seen on periapical radiographs”. (F damage)

Kurol J and Py Owman-Moll. Hyalinization and root resorption during early orthodontic tooth movement in adolescents. Angle Orthod (1998) 68 (2): 161–166. The aim of this investigation was to study the hyalinization of the periodontal ligament with time and its relationship to root surface resorption after the application of an orthodontic force, reactivated weekly, of 50 cN (≈50 g). Fifty-six patients (18 boys and 38 girls, mean age 13.8 years) were divided into 7 groups of 8. In each patient, one premolar was moved buccally 161 with a fixed orthodontic appliance. The contralateral premolar served as a control. The experimental periods ranged from 1 to 7 weeks. Local areas of overcompression in the periodontal ligament were recorded in 33 test teeth (59%) and 2 controls (4%). Hyalinization was seen in all experimental groups, more often after the first 4 weeks of force application. Hyalinized areas were recorded opposite an intact root surface (54%) or close to and just apical or coronal to an area of root resorption (45%), and were usually located buccocervically and linguoapically, corresponding to expected pressure zones of the periodonal ligament.

Kurt G, Altug-Atac AYT, Atac MS, Karasu HA. 2010. Stability of surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion and orthopedic maxillary expansion after 3 years’ follow-up. Angle Orthod. 2010;80:613-619. To compare the stability of 10 patients age of 19.01 treated with surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion (SARME) and 10 patients age of 15.51 treated with orthopedic maxillary expansion (OME) after 3 years of follow-up, and compare these changes with a matched control group. “The most anterior displacement of the maxilla (SNA) was measured in the OME group (2.18° ::t 1.60°) (P < .05); this displacement was significantly different from the SARME (P < .05) and control groups (P < .05)” (but they were 3½ years younger). “In the long-term follow-up, both expansion groups exhibited 50% of skeletal maxillary relapse”. (JM thinks this shows surgery is often unnecessary and tips the maxillary halves rather than moving them apart)

Kyung-A Kim ¹, Song-Hee Oh ², Byoung-Ho Kim ³, Su-Jung Kim¹ Asymmetric nasomaxillary expansion induced by tooth-bone-borne expander producing differential craniofacial changes. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2019 Nov;22(4):296-303. Sixty-six patients mean age: 19.3 ± 5.7 years. “The frequency of asymmetric expansion was 30.3%”

Lapatki B, Klatt A, Schulte-Monting J and Jonas I. Dento Facial Parameters Explaining Variability in Retroclination of the Maxillary Central Incisors. J O Orofacial Orthopedics.68:109-123. Concluded “A high Lip Line level is the predominant factor” JMs comment “they did not consider or mention the tongue”. JM wrote to author

Larsson E. 2001. Sucking, Chewing, and Feeding Habits and the Development of Crossbite: A Longitudinal Study of Girls From Birth to 3 Years of Age.  Angle Orhtodontist 71: 116-119. 60 consecutively born Swedish girls.  “It is interesting to note that traditionally living people, such as the Kung-Sans, as well as the Guananda and the Mole-Dagbani in Africa, the Chiapas in Mexico, and the Amele in Papua New Guinea, breast-feed their children intensively for about 3—4 years”.   “1 girl had succeeded in eliminating an earlier crossbite by giving up the sucking habit.”  It is recommended to “use the pacifier only a short time after meals and when going to sleap”.  Compared with a previous investigations “67% of the children were still breast-fed at 6 months, compared with only 4% in 1971”.

Lavelle, C.L.B. 1977 “An analyses of the cranio-facial complex in different occlusal categories”  American Journal of Orthodontic. 71; 574-582. “a simple Mendelian model is not compatible with most cranio-facial dimensions“.

Lee RS, Daniel FJ, Swartz M, Baumrind S, Korn EL. Assessment of a method for the prediction of mandibular rotation. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1987 91(5):395-402. A new method to predict mandibular rotation developed by Skieller and co-workers. The method, which had been highly successful in retrospectively predicting changes in the sample of extreme subjects, was much less successful in predicting individual patterns of mandibular rotation in the new, less extreme sample. Very accurate on average but flawed for individual cases.

Lee CF, & Proffit WR.  “The daily rhythm of tooth eruption”.  AJO & DO.107: 38-47 1995. Teeth normally erupt about 4mm in 14 weeks.  “After the teeth are in function they continue to erupt at the same rate as vertical growth of the jaws unless there is occlusal wear or loss of opposing teeth, in which case additional eruption occurs”.  17 children, mean age 11.6 years, in each case the eruption of a maxillary second premolar was observed for an average of 41 hours.  During the day the teeth intruded very slightly.  During the night there was significant eruption.  During eating the teeth intruded. Hormonal and metabolic rhythms are compared with the effect of occlusal force.

Lee Y-S, Lee S-J, An H, and Donatelli RE. Do class III patients have a different growth spurt that the general population? AJO-DO 2012; 142:679-689. Results Patients with class III prognathism did not have different growth parameters compared with class II subjects or the general population. 402 subjects previously selected for another study. 55 class III and 37 non class III. This suggests that class III patients are not programmed to grow more or differently.

Leitao P, and Nanda R S. 2000. “Relationship of natural head position to craniofacial morphology”. “.  American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 117:406-417.  “284 males mean age 22.6 who had not had orthodontics, facial surgery or more than two extractions were photographed in natural head position.  Four planes (SN, FH, PP, and PM) were considered separately and two extreme groups of flexors or extenders (one standard deviation either way) taken from each group.  ”Frankfort Horizontal and Palatal planes were close to horizontal”. When related to the sella-nasion “The saddle angle for flexors was 5.85 degrees greater than extendors and the SNA for flexors was 84.81 and for extenders 79.63”. “In general subjects with significant posterior extension have longer and retrognathic faces and smaller mandibles”. (see Coral Draw/jmew/tracings/Nand.2000).

Lepley CR, Throckmorton GS, Ceen RF and Buschang PH. Relative contributions of occlusion, maximum bite force, and chewing cycle kinematics to masticatory performance. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011 ;139:606-13. 30 subjects with Class I occlusion. Results: Maximum bite force was positively related with masticatory performance. JM thinks occlusal locking also restricts changes in AP and Lateral relationships (bite jumping). Class I, II and III. Strong weak cusps.

Levine R S 1998.  “Briefing paper: Oral aspects of dummy and digit sucking” British Dental Journal.186  108  “Prevalence of non-nutritive sucking (NNS) is very variable and depends on many factors e.g. culture.  In many western countries it is very common with up to 95% of infants displaying some habit.  However, in parts of Africa and Asia  it is uncommon and for the Inuit (Eskimos) it is unknown.”

Lewison,E. “Twenty years of prison surgery: An evaluation.” Canadian Journal of Otolaryngology. 3:42-50. 1974. (Shows that people who had their faces corrected by surgery re-offended less).

Li M, Yi J, Yang Y, Zheng W Wei, Yu L, and Zhao Z. Euro J Orth. 2016; 38:366-372. Investigation of optimal orthodontic force at the cellular level through three-dimensionally cultured periodontal ligament cells.  Objectives: for the first time, aimed to investigate theunderlying mechanisms of OOF at the cellular level. Methods: Human periodontal ligament tissue cells (POLCs) were three-dimensionally (3D) cultured in a thin sheet. The 3D cultured POLCs were treated with static compressive force of 0, 5, 15, and 25g/cm2 for 6, 24, and 72 hours, respectively. Results: Compressive force inhibited proliferation of POLCs in a magnitude-dependent manner. “5g/cm² might be the optimal force”. The results regarding specific force magnitude should not be extrapolated, without caution. JM noted Heavy forces seem to encourage tooth movement quicker but retard establishing the final balance. JM’s extrapolations suggest the root area of 6.E.D.C is about 11sq cm and expansion of a sixteenth of a millimeter daily each side should provide close to ideal force.

Ligas BB, Galang M-T S, BeGole EA, Evans CA, Klasser GD, Greene C S, 2011. Phantom bite: A survey of US orthodontists ORTHO 2011;12:38-47. In 1976, Marbach described the term phantom bite as a patient’s perception of an irregular bite when the clinician could identify no evidence of a discrepancy. The objectives of the study were: (1) Awareness of phantom bite (2) Identify common treatments (3) Determine regional differences or experience (4) Determine sex characteristics. 14-item electronic survey of 4,124 orthodontists. 337 completed the survey. Results: 50% were unfamiliar with “phantom bite”; however, many reported phantom bite complaints. Conclusion: Need for increasing.

Lima A C, Lima A L, Lima Filho M A and Oyen O J. 2004 ‘Spontaneous mandibula arch response after rapid palatal expansion: A long-term study on Class I malocclusion’. Am J Orthod ” Dentofacial Orthop 2004;126:576-82. Material selected 120 dental casts obtained at 4 assessment stages. Exp 3½ mm per week. Statistically significant (P < .001) increases for intermolar widths between A 1 and A2. During the transition to the permanent dentition, a significant (P < .001) decrease occurred in arch length and arch perimeter. There was remarkable stability in intermolar width and intercanine width

Linklater R. A. and Fox N. A. 2002. The long-term benefits of orthodontic treatment. Br Dent J; 192: 583-587. First 100 cases treated by an ortho undergrad. 22% excluded from study, 5% lost records, 6% in retention less than 5 years, 11 did not return. 87 of the 88 fixed and functional patients completed treatment, only 4 of the 12 removable did. 84% had “demonstrable improvement” of PAR score five years later but 24% needed retreating.  No comment on why so many removable patients failed, sounds like initial selection. Very good results for a student but it depends on whether the tank is half full or half empty! “The pattern of relapse was very arbitrary”. The comment that most relapse takes place in the first 5 years but Littles work suggests that it gently continues for a lot longer. 

Linder-Aronson,S. Woodside,D.G. Hellsing,G.& Emerson,W. “Normalisation of incisor position after adenoidectomy”.  American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics.   103:412-427. 1993.  Compared a series of post-adenoidectomy patients who developed a natural lip seal, with control group who did not.  “ This indicates that the incisors proclined relative to the hard tissue profile”. Tonsils adenoids (There was 10mm more horizontal growth. F damage)

Linder-Aronson, S. and Woodside,D.G. 2000. Excess Face height Malocclusion.  Page 32. Shows a child aged 12 and 17 following nasal occlusion. “There was an increased lower anterior face height from 65mm to 82mm”. ”The tracings show clearly that some retrognathic or backward mandibular growth directions may arise from environment impact rather than genetic control” Quintessence Publishing Co.Illinois. (see Coral Photo Paint ‘Aronson’.)

Lindsten,R., Larsson,E., and Ogaard, B.  1996.  “Dummy-sucking behaviour in 3 year old Norwegian and Swedish children”  European Journal of Orthodontics.  18:205-209.  Twenty-two Swedish and 18 Norwegian 3 year-old children with continuing dummy sucking habits. “dummy-sucking influences arch widths and increases the likelihood for development of a posterior crossbite“…(F damage)

Lindsten R, Ogaard B, and Larsson E. 2001. Anterior Space Relations and Lower Incisor Alignment in 9-Year-Old Children Born in the 1960s and 1980s. Angle Orthodontist 71:36-43. .  Material 252 children from cohorts in Norway and Sweeden.  “The irregularity index for the 4 mandibular incisors was increased in the 1980s group compared with the 1960s”. (crowding)

Lione R, Franchi L, Tomas L, Ghislanzoni H, Primozic J, Buongiorno M and Cozza P. Palatal surface and volume in mouth-breathing subjects evaluated with three dimensional analysis of digital dental casts. European Journal of Orthodontics, 2015; 37: 101-104. To compare the anatomical characteristics of the maxillary arch, identified as palatal surface area and volume, between mouth-breathing and nose-breathing subjects 21 Caucasians (14 females and 7 males) mean age of 8.5 years. Criteria: mouth-breathing, allergic rhinitis, early mixed dentition, skeletal Class I relationship, and pre-pubertal. Control 17 nose-breathing subjects (9 females and 8 males, mean age: 8.5 years. Conclusions: “Subjects with prolonged mouth breathing showed a significant reduction of the palatal surface area and volume when compared with subjects with normal breathing pattern”. 

Lippi D. Plerteoni F. & Franchi L. Retrognathic maxilla in “Habsburg jaw” Skeletofacialanalysis of Joanna of Austria (1547-1578). Angle Orthod. 2012;82:387-395. Materials and Methods: The skull, the panoramic radiograph, and the lateral cephalogram of Joanna of Austria were analyzed. Conclusion: “The Class III skeletal disharmony was due to a retrognathic maxilla rather than to a prognathic mandible”. Cephalometrics; Class III malocclusion 

Little,R.M. Riedel,R.A. & Artun,J. 1988 “An evaluation of changes in mandibular anterior alignment from 10 to 20 years post-retention.”  American Journal of Orthodontics and Dento-Facial Orthopedics. 93:423-428. 31 cases. ”The sample was limited to four pre-molar extraction cases”. ”Only 10% of the cases were judged to have clinically acceptable mandibular alignment”. “The only way to ensure continued satisfactory alignment post treatment probably is by use of fixed or removable retention for life”. (F damage relapse)

Liu F et al. 2012. A Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Five Loci Influencing Facial Morphology in Europeans. Plos Genetics. Sept 2012. Overall our study implies that DNA variants in genes essential for craniofacial development contribute with relatively small effect size to the spectrum of normal variation in human facial morphology. This observation has important consequences for future studies aiming to identify more genes involved in the human facial morphology, as well as for potential applications of DNA prediction of facial shape such as in future forensic applications. JM’s comment. Interesting but a little too full of acronyms. To say that facial form is determined by the genes is in one sense obvious but in another only partially true as it does not explain the variables. I think the unfathomable variable is oral posture. We can’t measure it, so it has been largely ignored.

Liu X, Liu ZZ, Wang ZY, Yang Y, Liu BP, Jia CX. “Daytime sleepiness predicts future suicidal behavior”: a longitudinal study of adolescents. Sleep. 2019 Feb 1;42(2). doi: 10.1093/sleep/zsy225. OBJECTIVES: Daytime sleepiness is associated with poor daytime functioning and adverse cognitive and emotional consequences, such as impaired decision-making and increased impulsivity. Little is known about the association between daytime sleepiness and suicidal behaviors. 

Livieratos J, and Johnston J, E. 1995. Comparason of one and two stage non extraction alternatives. .”  American Journal of Orthodontics and Dento-Facial Orthopedics. Aug 118-131.

Leonardia R, Barbatob E, Vichic M and Caltabianod M> 2009. Skeletal Anomalies and Normal Variants in Patients with Palatally Displaced Canines. Angle Orthod. 2009;79:727-732. 38 white subjects between 14 and 20. Anomalies assessed were sela bridge, atlanto-occipital ligament calcification or ponticulus posticus, and posterior arch atlas deficiency.These were linked to palatally displaced canines! They conclude that ”Palatally displaced canines are seen only in conjunction with other dental anomalies” and are perhaps a genetic syndrome. Impacted

Lione R, Franchi L, P Cozza. Does rapid maxillary expansion induce adverse effects in growing subjects? Angle Orthod. 2013;83: 172- 182. A systematic review. Restricted to growing subjects. SN to ANS increased 1.6mm. “opening ranged from 1.6 to 4.3 mm”. Little long-term damage. JM says little expansion and young patients. No mention of Timms and Moss but they were expanding older children. 

Llu W, Zhou Y, Wang X, Liu D and Zhou S. Effect of maxillary protraction with alternating rapid palatal expansion and constriction vs expansion alone in maxillary retrusive patients: A single-center, randomized controlled trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2015;148:641-51. To investigate the effects of facemask protraction combined with alternating rapid palatal expansion and constriction (RPE/C) vs rapid palatal expansion (RPE) alone. Patients were recruited and randomly allocated into either the control group (RPE) or the intervention group (RPE/C). Age 7 to 13 years old, Class III malocclusion, anterior crossbite, ANB less than 0. The expansion or constriction rate was 1 mm per day. Maxillary forward movement increased by 3.04 mm in the RPE/C group, which was significantly greater than that in the RPE group (2.11 mm). May not be clinically relevant, since the differences were less than 1 mm.

Lobb WK. 1987  Craniofacial morphology and occlusal variation in monozygous and dizygous twins””  Angle Orthodontist. 57: 219-233.A study of 30 pairs of each group”.  ”The greatest variation in each group was found to be in the spatial arrangement of the component parts of the crainiofacial complex rather than within these components”.  The “shape of the mandible and cranial base are more variable than the maxilla or cranium differences in the shape of these bones may be directly assigned to the gonial angle and cranial base flexure”.  Even when identical twins had identical occlusions there was often a “considerable variation in the bony components”.*

Loevy H and Kowitz. 1982 The Habsburgs and the Habsburg Jaw. Bulletin of the History of Dentistry 30:19-23. An overview suggesting that the artists may have overemphasised the prominence of the jaw as this was considered a dominant trait. Charles the V (Charles the I of Spain) was one of the most prognathic but contemporary records say he left his mouth open a lot. Quote “Majesty shut your mouth the flies of this country are very insolent”. Open mouth

Lofstrand-Tidestrom B, Thilander B, Ahlqvist-Rasted J, Jakobss O, and Hultcrantz E.. Breathing Obstruction in relation to craniofacial and dental arch morphology in 4 year old children.  European Journal Of Orthodontics. 1999. 48 4 year old children who snored or had episodes of breathing pauses were taken from a cohort of 644, and compared with a control of 40 with ideal occlusion. The subjects had smaller cranial base angles, narrower maxillae, deeper palates, shorter lower dental arches, and more cross bites. Apnoea Osa Apnea 

Looi, L K. and Mills, J R. 1986. The effect of two contrasting forms of orthodontic treatment on the facial profile. American Journal of Orthodontics. 89(6):507-17, 1986 Material. 30 Andresen non-ext, and 30 Begg ext and contol of 22 untreated. “there was only a slight difference within the two groups in the final position of the upper lip relative to a vertical reference line through sella”. “There was a wide variation in individual response in all three groups”. No more than 2 to 3 millimeters of bony change which is not clinically significant..

Lordkipanidze D, Vekua A, Ferring R, Rightmire P, Agusti| J, Kiladze G, Mouskhelishvili A, Nioradze M, Ponce de León M S, Tappen M,  and Zollikofer C P E. 2005. Anthropology: The Earliest Toothless Hominin Skull. Nature 434: 718. 2005 |www.nature.com/nature. This well preserved Dmanisi hominin skull found in the republic of Georgia where several skulls of the same species have been found is remarkable because all but one tooth had been lost some time before death. This shows that there must have been a well organised social structure to have supported this individual for the last few years of their life. The skull shows the postorbital constriction typical of pre-human hominids and was dated about 1.7 million years ago.

Lorenz.K.Z. The evolution of behaviour. Scientific American.1958; 199; 67-68. (Showed that patterns of muscle activity are inherited in animals)

Lovrov S, Hertrich K and Hirschfelder, U. Enamel Demineralization during Fixed Orthodontic Treatment Incidence and Correlation to Various Oral-hygiene Parameters. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics. 5: 353-363.2007. A random study of 53 patients. “Caries and decalcification continue to be a serious Problem during treatment with multi-bracket appliances. The clinician must reckon with new occurrences or a rise in the incidence of white spot lesions in a quarter of the teeth evaluated”. Enamel decalcification. White spoys

Love L J, Murray J M and  Mamandras A H. Facial growth in class 1 males 16 to 20 years of age. AM J ORTHOD DENTOFAC ORTHOP 1990;97:200-6. Found forward and upward growth continued.

Liu X, Liu ZZ, Wang ZY, Yang Y, Liu BP, Jia CX. Daytime sleepiness predicts future suicidal behaviour: A longitudinal study of adolescents. Sleep. 2019, 1;42(2). doi: 10.1093/sleep/zsy225. “Daytime sleepiness appears to be a significant predictor of subsequent suicidal behaviors in adolescents”. suicide

Lucker. G, and Graber. L. 1980 Physiognomic features and facial appearance judgements in children. Journal of Psycholgy. 104:261-268.

Luecke P,E, and Johnstone L,E. 1992. Premolar extraction and mandibular position – The effect of maxillary first pre-molarextraction and incisor extraction on mandibular position: Testing the central dogma of ‘functionalorthodontics’. .”  American Journal of Orthodontics and Dento-Facial Orthopedics. January

Lund, K. 1974 “Mandibular Growth and Remodelling Processes after Condylar Fracture”.  Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. Copenhagen 32: Supliment 64 Copenhagen. (Showed that a new condyle can regrow if it has been removed) (JM comment “this proves that the condyle is highly adaptable and so it should not be necessary to reposition the mandible or adjust the occlusion to suit it” – see his paper on TMD)

Lundeen, H.C., & Gibbs, C.H.  1982 ‘Advances in Occlusion’.  Boston.  John Wright.  PSG   About mouth open postures and Malocclusion. ..(F damage)

Lundstrom,A. & Woodside,D.G. 1980. “Individual variation in Growth Direction Expressed at the Chin and Midface”. European Journal of Orhtodontics. 2:65-79. Findings “the low incidence of backward growing mandibles in a large random sample of the population, compared to the prevalence of these problems reported in orthodontic practice can therefore be partly explaned by inappropriate orthodontic treatment“.  “A vertical or backward mandibular growth direction which may be environmentally generated” “When this situation exists the duration of the treatment is extended, retraction of maxillary incisors is excessive and facial aesthetics deteriorate”. ..(F damage)  

Lundstrom,A. Woodside,D.G. &  Popovich,F. 1987 “Panel assessments of facial profile related to mandibular growth direction”. European Journal of Orthodontics. 9: 271-278 “Four out of five assessor groups rated the vertical cases as the least attractive“.  “The majority of cases with horizontally growing mandibles were rated as good looking”…(F damage)

Lux C.J, Di.icker B, Pritsch M, Komposch G and Niekusch U. 2009 Occlusal status and prevalence of occlusal malocclusion traits among 9-year-old schoolchildren. European Journal of Orthodontics 31 (2009) 294-299. Material 494 nine year old children. Found “severely increased overjet greater than 6 mm was a common finding’ affecting around 5-10 per cent”. Overjets of over 10mm would seem less than 5%. Average normal  

Luzi, V. 1982. ‘The CV Value (Combined Variation) in the Analysis of Sagittal Malocclusions’.  American Journal of Orthodontics. 81:478-480. Shows that the midface behaves as rhomboid, swinging back and forward on the cranial base.

Maaitah EAI, Said NEl, and Alhaija ESA. First premolar extraction effects on upper airway dimension in bimaxillary proclination patients. Angle Orthod. 2012;82:853-859. To determine how orthodontic treatment with first premolar teeth extracted affect the upper airway dimensions. 40 bimaxillary proclination patients (18 and 23 years) all treated with extraction of the four first premolars. Cephalometric radiographs were used to measure airway dimensions Results: The results showed statistically significant reductions in tongue length (P < .05), posterior adenoids thickness (AD2-H) (P < .05), Conclusions: Extraction of the first premolars for the treatment of bimaxillary prociination does not affect upper airway dimensions. However the airway dimensions in table 3 suggest that 4 were larger and 17 were smaller. JM thinks doubtful.

Madhavji A, Araujo EA, Kim KB, and Buschanq PH. Attitudes, awareness, and barriers toward evidence-based practice in orthodontics Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011 ;140:309-16. Survey of 4771 AAO members, 1517 replied. “Most respondents had positive attitudes toward, but a poor understanding of, evidence-based practice. The major barrier identified was ambiguous and conflicting research”. Research damage science

McDonagh,S, Moss,JP., Goodwin,P,. and Lee,R.T. 1997 “Optical scanning of the soft tissue effects of functional appliances”. European Journal of Orthodontics.19:457.  “In the vertical dimension with the optical scans recording higher increases than the cephalograms“…(F damage)

McDonagh S, Moss JP, Goodwin P and Lee RT. 2001. A prospective optical surface scanning and cephalometric assessment of the effect of functional appliances on the soft tissues. European Journal of Orthodontics. 23: 115-126. Forty-two patients were randomly allocated to Bass, Twin Block (TB), and Twin Block + Headgear (TB + Hg) groups. Lateral cephalograms and laser optical surface scans were recorded before and after the 10-month study period. “In the vertical dimension, however, the optical surface scans consistently recorded a greater increase compared with cephalometric values”. The Bass appliance produced greater forward positioning of soft tissue pogonion as assessed by optical surface scanning.  “The largest increase in soft tissue total face height occurred in the TB +HG”. (Damage)

McFatter, R. “Effects of punishment philosophy on sentencing decisions”.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.  36: 1490-1500. 1978. (Good looking people get lighter sentenses)

McNamara JA, and Brudon VL.  1993.  Orthodontic and Orthopedic Movement in the Mixed Dentition.  Ann Arbor Needham Press.  “An ideal transpalatal width in an adult with class I normal occlusion and average sized teeth is 35 to 39mm”. 

McNamara, J.A.M. ‘A Method of Cephalometric Evaluation’. American Journal of Orthodontics. 1984 86: 449-469 9 (Dec.). Talks about Nasion Vertical

McNamara J A, Baccetti T, Franchi, L and Herberger T A. 2003. Rapid Maxillary Expansion Followed by Fixed Appliances: A Long-term Evaluation of Changes in Arch Dimensions. Angle Orthodontist. 73: 344-353. A retrospective study of models. RME followed by fixed edgewise appliances, 112 treated patients, 41 controls.  Six years later, compared with controls there was “A net gain of six mm was achieved in the maxillary arch perimeter, whereas a net gain of 4.5 mm was found for the mandibular arch perimeter”.

McNamara JA. 2006. Long-term adaptations to changes in the transverse dimension in children and adolescents: An overview. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2006;129:S71-4. Early treatment symposium. In an unexpanded group of  class 2 patients “the molar relationships of 48% of the subjects remained unchanged, 41 % improved, and 11 % worsened. In the treated Class II tendency group, 35% remained unchanged, 63% improved, and only 2% became worse”. Of patients treated in the early mixed dentition only 10% required extraction.

Maganzini, AL, Tseng, JYK, and Epstein, JZ. 2000.  Perception of Facial Esthetics by Native Chinese by Using Manipulated Digital Imagery Techniques. Angle Orthodontist. 70:393-399.  83 native Chinese (38 women) average age 26  ‘Normal’ faces were constructed from the averages and several dental and skeletal variations were ‘morphed’ in.  It was found that the “maxillary deficient profile in an otherwise balanced female skeletal pattern was as attractive as the undistorted stimulus”.  Unfortunately the initial sample seemed rather skewed towards flat maxillae, with the line from the lower eye-lid to the cheek falling almost vertically.  It would have been interesting to see what the effect of maxillary retrusion would have been on a more attractive face and even more so to see what the effect of bringing both the maxilla and mandible forward would have been.

Maidment Y, Durey K and lbbetson R. Decisions about restorative dental treatment among dentists attending a postgraduate continuing professional development course. British Dental Journal. 2010;209:455-459. Sample of 90 dentists. 89 completed questionnaire. “Even when evidence (of improved techniques) is available clinicians are frequently reluctant to apply it”. New methods. Modern. Conservative.

Mandall N, Matthew S, Fox D, Wright J, Conboy F and Q’Brien K. Prediction of compliance and completion of orthodontic treatment: are quality of life measures important? European Journal of Orthodontics 30 (2008) 40-45. “Is there an association between completion of orthodontic treatment and quality of life measures, i.e. age, gender, socio-economic status, type of appliance and need for orthodontic treatment”? Conclusion neither age, gender, socio-economic status nor clinical treatment need (lOTN) were useful in helping a clinician to choose potentially co-operative patients. JM notes that “15 to 17 year old patients had the highest discontinuation rate (39.8%)” 10 to 14% were twice a good (21.3%). Clearly the younger the patient the better the co-operation.  Co-operation.

Mann KR, Marshall SD, Olan F, Southard KA, and Southard TE.2011. Effect of maxillary anteroposterior position on profile esthetics in headgear-treated patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011 ;139:228-34. “Ten patients had an initially protrusive maxilla (FH: NA, >92°), 10 had an initially normally positioned maxilla (FH:NA, 88°-92°), and 10 had an initially retrusive maxilla (FH:NA, <88°). A panel of 20 laypersons judged the profile esthetics. A significant moderate correlation was found between initial ANB magnitude and the improvement in profile esthetic score with treatment (r = 0.49, P <0.01)”. JM wrote to AJO about this paper see ‘Letters to Journals’.

Marcotte (1981) recorded 136 patients in their natural head posture and found “the position of the mandible shows the strongest correlation with head posture”.  This would suggest that either the chin grows to suit the head posture or the head is rotated to maintain the position of the chin.

Mavragani M, Bfbe O E, Wisth P J and Selvig  K A. 2002. Changes in root length during orthodontic treatment: advantages for immature teeth. European Journal of Orthodontics. 24: 90-97. 80 class II/1 edgewise extraction patients and 66 untreated controls. “The results of this study show definite advantage for younger teeth with regard to post-treatment root length” “Roots do not resorb before closure of the apex”. Resorbtion. Damage 

Markovic,M. 1992 “At the cross roads of oral-facial genetics”. European Journal of Orthodontics. 14; :469-481.

McCann,J. and Burden,D 1996 .”An investigation into tooth size in Northern Irish people with bi-maxillary dental protrusion”. EJO.  18:617-621. “The results revealed than on average tooth size for the overall maxillary and mandibular dentition was 5.7% larger in the bi-maxillary sample than the control group.”  30 subjects and 30 controls. (Good news for geneticists who think extractions are indicated but there is also evidence to suggest that the size of the teeth to some extent reflects the room available) To quote against me

Mclntyre GI, and Mossey PA. 2003. Size and shape measurement in contemporary cephalometrics. European Journal of Orthodontics 25 (2003) 231-242. Evaluates the advantages and limitations of different methods of form analysis. With CCA (Conventional Cephalometric Analysis) “even small changes in the anterior cranial. base diminish its validity as a reference structure”. CCA is “not capable of fully evaluating craniofacial form”.Procrustes superimposition adjusts for size changes. TPS (Thin Plate Spline Analysis) is “an excellent tool to localize shape differences due to growth or orthodontic treatment”.

Magni, F., Magni, C and Cingi, A.  1997  “The mandibular stimulator and the lingual mandibular stimulator: A new philosophy of mandibular advancement with fixed appliances”.  European Journal of Orthodontics.  19:  455-456.  Nineteen patients treated with fixed Herbst appliances using “gingival spurs” which stimulate “pain receptors in the soft tissue of the oral mucosa on the lingual side”. (copying JM’s anterior locks)  He claims this is effective. ..(F damage)

Marcotte, M.R. “Head Posture & Dento-Facial Proportion” 1981 Angle Orthod. 51. 208-215.Found that head posture was adjusted to keep nasion above pogonion.

Malkinson S, Waldrop TC, Gunsolley JC, Lanning SK, Sabatini R. Social effects of estheticcrown lengthening. The effect of esthetic crown lengthening on perceptions of a patient’s attractiveness, friendliness, trustworthiness, intelligence, and self-confidence. J Periodontol 2013;84;1126-33. Forty-three senior dental students 
and 34 laypersons were asked to fill out a paper ques- 
tionnaire.Gingival display is an important component of smile esthetics. Excessive gingival display negatively affects atractiveness, friendliness, trustworthiness, intelligence, and self-confidence. There was no difference in the perceptions of gingival display by senior dentalstudents and people without dental training. Indicator Line, IL, high lip line character

Malta LA, Baccetti T, Franchi L, Faltin K, McNarnara JA. 2010. Long-Term Dentoskeletal Effects and Facial Profile Changes Induced by Bionator Therapy. Angle Orthod 80:10-17. 20 consecutive Class II Bionator patients evaluated at T1, start of treatment; T2, end of bionatortherapy; and T3, long-term observation (including fixed appliances). “Bionator treatment of Class 11 malocclusion maintains favorable results over the long-term with a combination of skeletal, dentoalveolar, and soft tissue changes. Conclusions: This study suggests that bionator treatment of Class 11 malocclusion maintains favorable results over the long-term with a combination of skeletal, dentoalveolar, and soft tissue changes. (Angle Orthod 2010;80:10-17.) “Bionator treatment induced an increase in the vertical dimensions of the face through multiple significant changes compared with the untreated controls”. The upper lip in the Bionator group “showed a tendency for a more retruded position while the lower lip became more protruded”

Mann,KR, Marshall,SD, Qian,F, Southard KA and Southard TE. 2011. Effect of maxillary anteroposterior position on profile esthetics in headgear-treated patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011;139:228-34. “Recently the American Association of Orthodontists’ Council on Scientific Affairs conducted a review of the best scientific evidence available and concluded that, in the long term, there is no evidence that functional appliances increase horizontal mandibular qrowth “. To investigate the profile esthetic changes resulting from headgear in growing Class II patients with protrusive, normal, and retrusive maxillae. Methods: Profile silhouettes were created from pre-treatment and post-treatment cephalometric tracings of growing Class II patients treated with headgear followed by conventional fixed appliances. 10 protrusive maxilla (FH:NA, >92°), 10 normally positioned maxilla (FH:NA, 88°-92°), and 10 retrusive maxilla (FH:NA, <88°). A panel of 20 laypersons judged the profile esthetics Conclusions: In Class II growing patients with protrusive, normally positioned, or retrusive maxillae, headgear treatment used with fixed orthodontic appliances is effective in improving facial profile esthetics. JM wrote to AJO showing improved aesthetics by bringing Maxilla forward.

Marques LS, Ramos-Jorge ML, Rey AC, Almond MC, Ruellas ACO. Severe root resorption in orthodontic patients treated with the edgewise method: prevalence and predictive factors.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2010; 137:384-8. Subsequent correspondence in AJO from Arunachalam Sivakumar and lndumathi Sivakumar, who say “Many challenging case reports … are hidden just because of root resorption”. “It is our moral responsibility to tell the patient or parents about the possible sequelae and treatment options”. “The patient is convinced that this is sometimes common and harmless to the vitality of the dentition. How do we calculate this? Is there any evidence that provides a clear-cut explanation to the longevity of teeth affected with orthodontically induced root resorption”? In response the authors say “Severe root resorption can be catastrophic to orthodontic treatment.Unfortunately, the current state of knowledge does not allow orthodontists to identify which patients are vulnerable”. “Only 11 trials were considered appropriate for inclusion in this review, and their protocols were too variable to proceed with a quantitative synthesis. This reflects the state of the published scientific research on this topic.”

Marsico E, Gatto E, Burrascano M, Matarese G, Cordasco G. Effectiveness of orthodontic treatment with functional appliances on mandibular growth in the short term. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011; 139: 24-36. Systematic Review. Conclusions The analysis of the effect of treatment with functional appliances compared with an untreated control group showed that the skeletal changes of 2 or 3 mm were statistically significant but unlikely to be clinically significant. Jaw growth, 

Masucci C, Cipriani L, Defraia E, and Franchi L. Transverse relationship of permanent molars after cross-bite correction in deciduous dentition. European Journal of Orthodontics, 2017, 560-566. Ninety patients with posterior cross-bite were treated during the deciduous dentition with either a removable expansion plate or rapid maxillary expander.Conclusions: After treatment of posterior cross-bite during the deciduous dentition phase, the first permanent molars erupted in cross-bite in the 34.4 per cent of the cases. The type of treatment is not a significant predictor.

Matsuzawaa H, Toriyaa N, Nakaob Y, Konno-Nagasaka N, Arakawae T, Okayama M, and Mizoguchid I. Cementocyte cell death occurs in rat cellular cementum during
orthodontic tooth movement. Angle Orthod. 2017;87:416-422. 8-week-old male Wistar rats, the right first molar was pushed mesiobuccally with a force of 40 g by a Ni-Ti alloy wire. Conclusion: “Cementocytes adjacent to the hyalinized tissue underwent apoptotic cell death during orthodontic tooth movement, which might have been associated with subsequent root resorption”. JM says clinicians often do not appreciate narrow area of root to bone contact

Mayoral.J. 1931  “Inferior Prognathism in the Spanish Kings of the House of Austria”.DentalRecord p610. Hapsburg 

Mehnert l J,Tandau H, Orawa H, Kittel Anita, Krause M”, Engel S, Jost-Brinkrnann PJ, and Liller-Hartwich RM. 2009. Validity and Reliability of Logopedic Assessments of Tongue Function. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics 70: 468-484. Investigated the validity and reliability of logopedic assessments of tongue function according to Kittel (1984, 1996, 2008) (observation of visceral  swallowing). “86% of speech pathologists consider the quality of interdisciplinary cooperation with orthodontists is poor”. 52 subjects (aged 5 to 63 years) by examined by six speech pathologists. They concluded inconsistent agreement “does not permit a definitive statement about the actual clinical situation”. IE Tongue to tooth relationships undiagnosable.

Meier B, Luck O, Harzer W. 2003. Inter-occlusal Clearance during Speech and in Mandibular Rest Position.:A Comparison between Different Measuring Methods. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics. 64:121-134. 

“Ohio” and MM opens mouth too much. Excellant references.

Melsen, B., Attina, L., Suntueri, M. & Attina, A.   1987 ‘Relationships between Swallowing Pattern Mode of respiration and Developing Malocclusion”.  Angle Orthodontist. 57:  113-119.  Suggests that tooth apart posture are linked to malocclusion

Melsen B, Fotis V, Burstone CJ. 1990 Vertical force considerations in differential space closure. J Clin Orthod 24: 678-83. Apparently this paper was the result of trying to avoid increasing vertical growth using fixed appliances. 

Melsen B, Hansen K and Hagg U. 1999.  Overjet reduction and molar correction in fixed appliance treatment of class II division 1 malocclusions: Sagittal and vertical components.  American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 115:13-23.  Subjects 20 consecutive male non extraction Begg technique.  Two were excluded for non completion.of treatment.  “The anterior lower facial height increased significantly more during this (treatment) period than during the control period”.  Conclusion “Vertically the net effects of treatment are to increase both the mandibular plane angle and the lower anterior facial height”. (F damage) vertical

Melsen.B 2001. Tissue reaction to orthodontic tooth movement— a new paradigm. European Journal of Orthodontics.i~ 23: 671—681. The article reviews the literature on intrusion of teeth with periodontal breakdown. “The conclusion is reached that intrusion can lead to an improved attachment level, and that forces have to be low and continuous.” Oral hygiene has to be good. “Intrusion seems to be a treatment with a high risk of adverse effects in patients with a deep bite”. Melsen hypothesizes that it is the pull (or lack of) on the fibers that causes remodeling

Melsen B, Hansen K, and Hagg U.  2000. Class II correction in patients treated with Class II elastics and with fixed functional appliances. A comparative study. Americal Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 118: 142-149.  “!8 Herbst-treated patients were selected to match 18 Begg”. “The skeletal part of the overjet reduction was 4% in the Begg group compared with 51% in the Herbst group”.  The mandibular angle increased 1.3 degrees in the Begg group.  (See diagram in ‘Slide Presentation’).

Melson B, Hagg U, Hansen K and Bendeusd M. 2007. A long-term follow-up study of Class II malocclusion correction after treatment with Class II elastics or fixed functional appliances. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2007;132:499-503. Material 15 non-ext Begg compared with a matched? Sample of non-ext Herbst. A ceph analysis compared both groups at the average age of 20 and showed that “The maxillary incisors retroc1ined significantly” in both groups. “In this study, there was a similar statistically significant reduction of overbite in both groups during the total observation period”. JM thinks due to facial lengthening.Conclusions: Although there were “initial marked differences in the treatment outcomes, most of these differences were not sustained over the longer term”. They presumably assume this is due to the genetics overwhelming the treatment changes, JM thinks due to poor posture. 

Mew, J.R.C. “Malocclusion in Deaf Children” Unpublished Survey 1973.

Mew, JRC​”The Incisive Foramen – A Possible Reference Point”.  Brit. J. Orthod. 1:4. 143-146 1974

Mew, J.R.C. Malocclusion of Scomber Scomber. ​Unpublished 1974.

Mew, J.R.C. “A Case Report” Facial differences between 19 year old monozygote twins associated with lip sucking, and the changes which followed orthopaedic treatment. Int. J. Orth. 15.6-9. 1977.

Mew, JRC​”Semi-Rapid Expansion” Brit. Dent. J. 143: 301-306 1977 (Recommendsexpansion at 1 millimetre per week)

Mew,J.R.C. 1979  “Biobloc therapy”.  American Journal of Orthodontics.  76; 29-50. “If it were possible to improve faces to the disadvantage of the dentition, where would our duty lie?” (One of the first papers to suggest that vertical growth is the cause of malocclusion)

Mew,J.R.C. “The aetiology of malocclusion: can the Tropic Premise assist our understanding”.  British Dental Journal. 1981:151; :296-302. “A delicate tropic mechanism overlays the genetic control of facial growth to allow adopted postures to guide the jaws and teeth into a satisfactory occlusion”.  This seems to be the first time that it was suggested that ‘Malocclusion is a postural Deformity’.

Mew JRC Cell Volition Theory, Biobloc Therapy 1970. Printed by the author.

Mew,J.R.C.  “Facial form, head posture, and the protection of the pharyngeal space.”.  ‘The clinical alteration of the growing face’. J.A.MacNamara, K.A.Ribbens, & R.P.Howe (Eds).  Monograph 14, Cranio-facial growth series.  Centre for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan. 1983.  “Children who lack lower facial development tilt their heads back to maintain their pharyngeal airway”.  “Disproportionate facial growth is to some extent disguised by this backwards tilting of the head, which maintains the facial plane while permitting major adaptive changes to occur in other parts of the cranium”.

Mew, JRC  “Relapse Following Maxillary Expansion: A Study of 25 Consecutive Cases” American Journal of Orthodontics. 1983; 83: 56-61. “The net expansion had been 3.5 millimetres and this had subsequently not relapsed” (2½ years out of all retention)

Mew, JRC.​Etiology of Maxiillary Canine Impaction. Am J Orthod. 1983; 84:440-441.

Mew, JRC​”Factors Influencing Maxillary Growth”.  Nova Acta Leopoldina, NF 58Nr 262, 189-195  1984

Mew, JRC​”Factors Influencing Mandibular Growth” Angle Orthod. 1986; 56: 1. 31-48  .

Mew,J.R.C. 1989 “A personal View of Oral Myofunctional Therapy in Britain”.  International Journal of Orofacial Myology.  15: 15-16.

Mew, JRC. 1989. Biobloc Philosophy.  Dental Practice. 27: No 5. 9-11.

Mew, J.R.C.  “Use of the Indicator Line to assess maxillary position”.  The Functional Orthodontist. 1991; January/February 29-31. ”Every patient with marked maxillary crowding has a large nose, (the converse is not always true)”.

Mew, JRC. and Meredith G. 1992.  Middle ear Effusion; An Orthodontic Perspective. Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 106; 7-13. Attention is drawn to the relationship between a firm tongue to palate swallow and the pump action of the palatine aponeurosis which it is suggested is necessary for the aeration of the Eustachian tube”.

Mew,JRC. 1993 “Suggestions for forecasting and monitoring facial growth”  American Journal of Orthodontics and Dento-facial Orthopedics. 104: 105-120. . (Describes the Indicator Line.). (F damage).

Mew,JRC  “The aetiology of temporomandibular disorders: a philosophical overview”.European Journal of Orthodontics.  19:249-258.  1997.

Trenouth, M.J., Mew. J.  1997.  “A Cephalometric Evaluation of Four Different Methods of Orthodontic Treatment”.  The Journal of the Cranio Group and the Society for the Study of Craniomandibular Disorders.  6: 16-24.     “Four groups of 10 patients with Class II division 1 malocclusions were evaluated”.  “All patient groups were composed of consecutively treated cases with no attempt at selection.”  “In the Removable appliance group the overjet was reduced purely by upper incisor tipping.  In the Andresen and Twin Block appliance groups the overjet was reduced by a combination of upper incisor tipping together with correction of the maxillary and mandibular dental bases. In the Bioblock group the overjet was reduced purely by correction of the mandibular dental base.”  ILLUSTRATIONS FILED IN CORAL DRAW

Mew JRC. A New form of Orthodontic Treatment Tested on Identical Twins.  European Journal of Orthodontics. 1999.21: 605.  “83% of the Judgements rated traditionally treated children as less attractive than before, while 86% considered that those that received Orthotropic treatment were more attractive than before ”Of the four twins who received traditional treatment, the three who were not retained suffered significant relapse within a few years”.  “In contrast the occlusion of all five of the twins treated by Orthotropics, were stillstable after an average of ten years out of all retention”. Damage relapse

Mew JRC. 2001. The conversion of vertical growth to horizontal: A prospective pilot study of twelve consecutive patients treated by two different methods. Functional Orthodontist.18:37-40. ”It seems unlikely that these problems will be overcome until we can reliably increase the horizontal component of growth”.

Mew JRC. 2001. “Oral posture – What part Does it Play in the Direction of Facial Growth”. In Pravention und Fruihbehandlung, the proceedings of the meeting at MedizinischeHochschule in  Hannover 2000..  

Trenouth, M.J.  Mew J.R.C and Gibbs W.W. 2001. A cephalometric evaluation of the Biobloc technique using matched normative date. German Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics. 62:466-475. “The greater skeletal response of the Biobloc over other functional appliances can be explained by its unique design in particular the mylohyoid locks projecting lingually”  “The Biobloc appliance reduced the overjet purely by sagittal correction”. “The ANB correction was entirely due to increase in SNB, due to forward positioning of the mandible”.

Mew JRC. 2002. Are random controlled trials appropriate for orthodontics? Evidenced Based Dentistry, 3: 35-36. Over the last hundred years treatment has ranged from extracting teeth in every patient to never extracting teeth, each view being held with fierce conviction.  

Mew JRC. 2002. A history of the British Orthodontic Society P52-53. London, Confirmed that I tried to establish some comparative research in 1972.

Mew JRC. Letter to J Orofac Orthop.2003. 64:233-234. See /Letters to Journals /Orofacial Ortho Crossbites. 02. Describes correction with flange.

Mew,JRC. “The Postural Basis of Malocclusion.  A philosophical overview”. The                                 American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2004;126:729-738. Malocclusion is due to poor oral posture.

Mew JRC 2005. Science Versus Empiricism. Brit Dent Jour 199:495-497. 2005.

Mew JRC. Facial Changes in Identical Twins Treated by Different Orthodontic Techniques. The World Journal of Orthodontics. 2007; 8: 174-188. “All the traditionally treated twins were judged to look less attractive after treatment, while most treated by orthotropics were judged to have improved”. Ten years later “Orthotropic treatment was able to provide permanent alignment of the teeth without extractions”.

Mew JRC. 2008. Early Treatment: The Dilemma. Letter to the editor. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 133:784-786.

Mew JRC 2013. The Cause and Cure of Malocclusion. Published by the author, BrailshamCastle, Heathfield, UK

Mew JRC. 2013. In Search of Our Direct Ancestors: An anthropological and orthodontic summary. Dental Historian 59:33-38.

Mew JRC 2015. Glove Wearing an Assessment of the Evidence. British Dental  Journal. 2015; 218:451-452.

Mew JRC 2015. Visual Comparison of Excellent Orthodontic Results with Excellent Postural Results?   Kieferorthopädie 2015;29(4):1–15. Showed that when excellent results are compared the Orthotropic were Highly Significantly better.

Mew J, & Mew M. Canine impaction: how effective is early prevention? An audit of treated cases. Stoma Edu J. 2015;2(2):114-119. Results. There appeared to be a zero incidence of impacted canines amongst patients from this practice who started treatment before the age of ten. This compares with an incidence of 3½ % in the wider range of older patients from comparative populations.

Mew J, & Mew M. Canine impaction: how effective is early prevention? An audit of treated cases. Stoma Edu J. 2015;2(2):114-119. Results. There appeared to be a zero incidence of impacted canines amongst patients from this practice who started treatment before the age of ten.

Mew JRC 2015. The influence of tongue posture on dentofacial growth. Angle Orthodontist, Guest Editorial. 2015; 85:715-716.

Mew JRC 2015. Growth Direction Following Fixed and Postural Techniques: a Prospective Consecutive Study of Matched Cases.  .  Journal of Gnathologic Orthopedics and Facial Orthotropics. September 2015;31:12-16

Mew JRC 2016. Use of Indicator Line to Assess Increades Vertical Growth of the Face.Journal of Gnathologic Orthopedics and Facial Orthotropics. December 2016;33:18-23. (See ‘References electronic’) 

Mew J and Trenouth M. How Many Teeth are Extracted as a Part Of Orthodontic Treatment? A Survey of 2038 UK Residents. 2018. Ms. No IJDOS-17-S4-005. Average 3.8 teeth per individual

Mew. JRC. Mastantlos Kasetsu, – Hitonoennge, Zetsuno posuchaa, ZetsushoutaiTanshukushou. . Jap J Ortho Pract . 2020; 57-65”. A description of correct breast feeding and its consequences for correct swallowing.

Mew JRC. Facial Beauty: Assessing the Variables.  The Journal of Airway, GnathologicOrthopedics and Facial Orthotropics 2022;39:4-10:

Mew, MM. A Black Swan. 2009. British Dent Jour, 206:393. Editorial discussing the hypothesis. “Malocclusion is caused by the environment, and modified by the genes”.

Mew, MM. 2014. Craniofacial Dystrophy; A possible Syndrome? Brit Dent Jour 2014:216:555-558. An opinion article proposing a hypothesis that tongue jaw and lip posture influences the forward growth of the craniofacial complex.

Miclotte A, Grommen B, Lauwereins S, Cadenas de Llano-Perulal M, Alcierban A, Verdonck A, Fieuws S, Jacobs R, and Willems G. The effect of headgear on upper third molars. Aretrospective longitudinal study. European Journal of Orthodontics, 2017, 426-432. To investigate the effects of orthodontic non-extraction treatment on 160 children with and 134 without headgear on the position of and the space available for upper third molars in growing children with class II malocclusions. Conclusion: “This study indicates that the use of headgear in growing patients significantly affects the space available for upper third molars” “but does not influence the angulation, or vertical position”. Wisdoms retraction

Mihalik CA, Proffit WR, and Phillips C. 2003. Long-term follow-up of Class II adults treated with orthodontic camouflage: A comparison with orthognathic surgery outcomes. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 123:266- 78. Thirty-one adults with Class II malocclusions recalled over 5 years later. Compared with long-term outcomes of more severe Class 11 who had surgery. “The surgery patients were nearly twice as likely to have a long-term increase in overjet”. “Long-term unattractive vertical changes occurred in more surgery than orthodontic patients”. In the surgical patients “TMJ-related problems and pain or discomfort were 2 or 3 times more prevalent”. “In clinical studies, a few patients usually show most of the change, so descriptive statistics based on the normal distribution can be misleading”. damage

Miles PG; Weyant RJ; and Rustveld L 2006. A Clinical Trial of Damon 2 Vs Conventional Twin Brackets during Initial Alignment. Angle Orthod 2006;76:480-485. Sixty consecutive patients were alienated in a split mouth design. (Good). One side of the lower arch was bonded with the Damon 2 bracket and the other with a conventional twin bracket. “The Damon 2 bracket was no more effective at reducing irregularity than the conventional twin bracket”. “The Damon 2 brackets were initially less painful than the conventional twin bracket but were more painful when tying in the second archwire”. “Significantly more Damon 2 brackets de-bonded during the study”.

Miller,A. Gillen,B. Schenker,C. and Redlove,S. “The prediction and perception of obedience to authority”.  Journal of Personality. 42: 23-42.  1974

Mills, L.F.  “Arch width and arch length and tooth size in young adult males”.  Angle Orthodontist 34: 124-129. 1964. ..(F damage)

Mirabella, A.D. and Artun, J.  1995  “Prevalence and severity of apical root resorption of maxillary anterior teeth in adult orthodontic patients”.  European Journal of Orthodontics.  17: 93-99  Three hundred and forty three consecutively treated adults, judged by periapical radiographs, who had received orthodontic treatment.  “Forty per cent of the adults had one or more teeth with 2.5mm resorption or greater”…(F damage)

Mitchell DL, Jordan JF, Ricketts RM. Arcial growth with metallic implants in mandibular growth prediction. Am J Orth 1975: 68:655-659. Most growth forecasts were correct but some were very inaccurate.

Mizrahi E  Enamel demineralization following orthodontic treatment.  Am J Orthod 1982 Jul;82(1):62-7   527 patients examined prior to and 269 patients examined after completion of multibanded orthodontic treatment. This study showed that orthodontic treatment with multibanded appliances contributed to the development of new areas of enamel demineralization. Enamel Damage Fixed 

Mockers D, Aubry M and Mafart B. 2004. Dental crowding in a prehistoric population. European Journal of Orthodontics 26:151-156. 43 adult mandibles circa 2100 BC. “All of the mandibles presented incisor crowding”. “crowding may be of a genetic origin”. JM notes that no class IIs or IIIs were reported.

Mohandesan H, Ravanmehr H and Valaei N. 2007. A radiographic analysis of external apical root resorption of maxillary incisors during active orthodontic treatment. European Journal of Orthodontics 29: 134-139. 151 maxillary incisor teeth in 40 patients. “Resorption of more than 1 mm at 12 months of active treatment was considered to be clinically significant”. “Clinically significant resorption was found for 74 per cent of the centrals and 82 per cent of the laterals”. “No significant correlation was observed between EARR and treatment technique” (all were fixed). “All the maxillary incisors in this investigation showed degrees of EARR at the follow up periods”. Resorption

Moorees, G.F.A. “The Face of the Growing Child”.Harvard University Press, page 96. 1959.

More,W.J., Lavelle,C.L.B. & Spence,T.F. “Changes in the size and shape of the human mandible in Britain.”  British Dental Journal. 125: 163. 1968. (Found that jaws have become smaller within the last 400 years: too short a period for evolution).

Morris. David Psychologist. Improving standards in orthognathic care: the bigger picture. EDITORIAL Journal of Orthodontics, 2006, 33: 149-151. “It is likely that psychological factors, rather than the actual severity of the malocclusion, actually determines the demand for orthognathic treatment”. “It almost seems as if we have chosen to ignore this aspect of our treatment outcome, focusing instead on solely clinical provider based outcomes, egcephalometric analysis, occlusal indices and PAR.”. “Internationally, there is an ever-increasing interest in consumer-centred outcomes of dental treatment”. Consent choice 

Morris, J W, Campbell, P M, Tadlock L P, Boley J, and Buschang P H. Prevalence of gingival recession after orthodontic tooth movements.

 Am J Dentofacial Orthop2017;151:851-9.  This study was designed to evaluate the long-term prevalence of gingival recession after orthodontic tooth movements, focusing on the effects of mandibular incisor proclination and expansion of maxillary posterior teeth. Gum recession was measured from lateral cephalograms and models in 205 patients at pre-treatment, average age 14. Posttreatment, average 16.5 and post retention average 32.3. Results. 5.8% of teeth exhibited recession at the end of orthodontic treatment. After retention, 41.7% of the teeth showed recession, but the severity was limited. 

Moss, M.L. 1962. “The functional Matrix”.  Vistas in orthodontics. Lea & Febiger. Philadelphia. Simple statements, such as “there are no genes for bones.” which contained some basic elements of truth, were provocative and stimulated lively response and discussion from his audiences.

Moss JP. & Timms DJ. 1971 A histological investigation into the efffects of Rapid Maxillary expansion on the teeth and their supporting tissue.Trans.rurop.orthod.Soc.263-271

Moss JP. 1975  “Function Fact or Fiction”.  American Journal of Orthodontics. 67: 625-645.  “Patients treated with light-wire multibanded techniques (fixed appliances) did not have a pattern of muscle activity which was similar to that of persons with normal occlusion , even one or more years out of retention”.

Moss JP, Linney AL, M.N. Lowey. 1995 “The use of three dimensional techniques in facial aesthetics”.  Seminars in Orthodontics,   1:94-104.  “Poor relationship between cephs and facial appearance. “…(F damage)

Murakami T, Kataoka T, Tagawa J, Yamashiro T, and Kamioka H. Antero-posterior and vertical facial type variations influence the aesthetic preference of the antero-posterior lip positions. Eur J Ortho. 2016; 38: 414-421. To find whether the antero-posterior and vertical facial type variations influenced the favoured lip positions and to elucidate whether the favoured lip positions differed between orthodontists and laypersons. Nine facial types were composed by morphing the chin antero-posteriorly and/or vertically. Thirteen morphed lip profiles were constructed by moving the lips antero-posteriorly in the nine facial types, respectively. Seventy-seven Japanese laypersons and 30 orthodontists were asked to choose the top three most-favoured lip positions for each facial type. Conclusion: The favouredantero-posterior lip position was affected by not only the antero- posterior facial disproportion but also by the vertical dimensions. The favoured lip positions differed between orthodontists and laypersons.

Naoumova J, Kurol J , Kjellberg H. A systematic review of the interceptive treatment of palatally displaced maxillary canines. Eur J Orthod. 2011; 33:143-149. Conclusions. To obtain reliable scientific evidence as to whether ‘interceptive treatment prevents impaction of PDC and which treatment modalities are the most effective, better controlled and well-designed RCTsare needed. Future studies should also include assessment of patient satisfaction and pain experience as well as analysis of the costs and side-effects of treatments. Poor research

Naumann SA, Behents RG and Bushchang PH.  2000 Vertical Components of Overbite Change: A Mathmatical Model. American Journal of Orthodontics and DentofacialOrthopedics. 117:486495. “Although the average overbite changes between 10 and 15 years were minimal ().2mm), variation ranged from2.4mm of bite opening to 5.6mm of bite deepening”. “The non rotational aspect of mandibular growth (ie pure vertical displacement) was most important”.  As JM has always said the remodelling disguises what is happening.

Nazarali N, AltalibiM, Nazarali S, Major MP, Flores-Mir C, and Major PW. Mandibular advancement appliances for the treatment of paediatric obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review. Euro J Orthod. 2015; 37:618-626. “Only studies that evaluated the effects of MAAs in children with OSA were pursued”. “The current limited evidence may be suggestive that MAAs result in short-term improvements in AHI scores, but it is not possible to conclude that MMAs are effective to treat pediatric OSA”. “There are significant weaknesses in the existing evidence due primarily to absence of control groups, small sample sizes, lack of randomization and short-term results”.

Needleman I.  2000 Is this good research? Look for CONSORT and QUORUM. Editorial, Evidence-Based Dentistry 2, 61—62.  “The quality of clinical research publications is variable and poor quality may invalidate the findings of a study”. research

Nelson C, Harkness M, and Herbison P.Mandibular Changes During Functional Appliance Treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1993; 104: 153-161. 13 Frankel compared with 12 Harvold. No controls. 16% drop out poor reporting on withdrawls.

Neves LS, Pinzan A, Janson G, Canuto CE, de Freitas MR, and Cancladoa RH. 2005. Comparative study of the maturation of permanent teeth in subjects with vertical and horizontal growth patterns. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2005;128:619-23. A total sample of 256; 30 most horizontal and 30 most vertical selected.  Result “vertical group having a more advanced dental age”. JM thinks maybe lack of firm bite?

Nevzatoglu S, and Kucukkeles,N. Long-term results of surgically assisted maxillary protraction vs regular facemask. Angle Orthod. 2014;84:1002-1009. Objective: To evaluate the short- and long-term treatment results of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) and surgical assistance during maxillary protraction with a facemask but no expansion (FM). 28 patients (12 male, 16 female) with maxillary retrognathism, anterior crossbite, and 17 patients (9 male, 8 female) with mild maxillary retrognathism were treated by RME and FM. The other 11 patients (8 female, 3 male), who had moderate to severe maxillary retrognathism, were treated with surgically assisted FM treatment. RME and FM were recalled after 5.64 years, and the surgically assisted FM group was recalled after 6.08 years. Results: In the short term, good maxillary advancement and a shorter treatment period were achieved with surgically assisted FM therapy without expansion. However, in the long term, maxillary advancement and some soft tissue improvements were lost. On the other hand, in the RME and FM protraction group, maxillary advancement and soft tissue improvement were well maintained.Corticotomy; Facemask; Long-term; Class III; Stability 

Nightingale C, Manisali M, and Amin M. 2002. An audit of orthognathic cases, June-December 1998 Orthodontic Audit Committee report September 2002. Queen Mary’s Roehamption. Aprox 50 patients per year. 88% had bi-max surgery. 17 out of 18 happy with result. Most had short-term paraesthesia but only 3 after 18 months. All patients over 28 had significant problems.

Nishiokaa M; Loi H; Nakatac S; Nakasimad A; and Countse A. 2006. Root Resorption and Immune System Factors in the Japanese. Angle Orthod 2006;76: 103-108. 60 ortho pts and 60 controls. Concluded “allergy, root morphology abnormality, and asthma may be high risk factors for the development of excessive root resorption during orthodontic tooth movement”. JM thinks that this is a secondary relationship and that the allergies precipitate vertical growth in the first place.

Normando D, Faber J, Guerreiro J F and Abdo Ouintao Cc. Dental occlusion in a split Amazon indigenous population: genetics prevails over environment. Crowding with tooth wear bdj.2012.147.

Sir, I have read the BD] news story ‘Less chewing linked to dental crowding’ (BD] 2012; 212: ]0) and I would like to present a counterpoint. 

1.  

We have examined an isolated indigenous population in the Amazon. One of our papers has been published in PLoS One! and our main results suggest that genetics plays the most important role in dental malocclusion aetiology, including mandibular growth and dental crowding. I am including an intraoral image of an indigenous person showing dental crowding even in the presence of a severe tooth wear.

Nuceral R, Giudice A L’, Bellocchio M, Spinuzza P, Caprioglio A and Cordascol G. Diagnostic concordance between skeletal cephalometrics, radiograph-based soft-tissuecephalometrics, and photograph-based soft-tissue cephalometrics. European Journal of Orthodontics, 2017, 352-357. Ninety-six pre-treatment digital lateral cephalometric radiographs and 96 digital profile photographs were randomly selected. Conclusion Photographs are “a reliable method for evaluating the soft-tissue profile characteristics compared to that performed on cephalograms”.

O’Brian, K. Br J Orthod. 1997 24:333-4. Guest Editorial. “the removable appliance has no place in contemporary orthodontic treatment, and the evidence for this statement is overwhelming”. 

O’Brian et al 2003 RTC study AJO & DO Sept issue. This large study found Functional appliances and early treatment of only marginal benefit. To enter details

O’Brian Paris World Congress Sept 2005. “Only 1% of clinical research is Random Controlled”. “The evidence Base for Clinical Practice is at Present not Strong”. JM to QUOTE

O’Brien K, Macfarlane T, Wright J, Conboy F, Appelbe P, Birnie D, Chadwick S, Connolly I, Hammond M, Harradine N, Lewis D, Littlewood S, McDade C, Mitchell L, Murray A, O’Neill J, Sandler J, Read M, Robinson S, Shaw I, Turbill E.. 2009. Early treatment for Class II malocclusion and perceived improvements in facial profile. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009 May;135(5):580-5. : Material 20 randomly selected cases, ages 10-11 and 20 controls. Conclusion. “Twin Blocks in the mixed dentition had profiles that were generally perceived as more attractive” because they had “smaller overjets, no visible teeth and slightly more acute labio-mental angles”. Two stage. early treatment 2 phase. RCT

O’Brien K, Wright J, Conboy F, Appelbe P, Davies L, Connolly I, Mitchell L, Littlewood S, Mandall N, Lewis D, Sandler J, Hammond M, Chadwick S, O’Neill J, McDade C, OskoueiM, Thiruvenkatachari B, Read M, Robinson S, Birnie D, Murray A, Shaw I, Harradine N, Worthington H. 2009. Early treatment for Class II Division 1 malocclusion with the Twin-block appliance: a multi-centre, randomized, controlled trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009 May;135(5):573-9. Material 10-year study, 141 patients CONCLUSIONS: “There are definite disadvantages to the 2 phase approach including increased burdens for the parents in terms of attendance costs, length of treatments and an inferior final occlusal result.” “provides no long-term benefit” JM says a bit strong and when is final? NB “27% of the early treatment group had extractions and 37% of the adolescent group” JM comments Yet their tandem study (above) showed a facial improvement, why? Possibly because most were finished with fixed. “Almost 15% of the (early treatment) patients did not need more complex treatment in adolescence”.Early two stage. RCT

O’Brian, A review Brit Dent J. Dec 1994. “The removable appliance has no place in contemporary orthodontics, and the evidence for that is overwhealming”.

Ochoa BK, and Nanda RS. 2004. Comparison of Maxillary and Mandibular Growth. Am JOrthod Dentofacial Orthop 125:148-59. A longitudinal study (6 to 20 yeqrs), serial lateral cephalometric radiographs to compare (15 female, 13 male) growth patterns of the maxilla and mandible. All subjects had Class I relationships without anterior crossbites (JM says obviously many had malocclusion). “The palatal plane descended significantly”. Conclusions “None of the parameters used in this study was predictive of a skeletal class II relationship because of individual variation in growth”. JM says “if they are the same animal then either it can be predicted or it is nothing to do with normal growth. IE it must be epi-genetic”. Forecasting profile predicting prediction

Oettle AC, Demeter F P and L’abbe. Ancestral Variations in the Shape and Size of the Zygoma. American Association for Anatomy. December 2016

JM says. Interesting discussion of Zygomatic size in different races. In general European faces have smaller Zygoma and Eastern Asians have larger. JM believes because Australopithecus Had a wide Zygomatic bones and “post orbital constriction. JM believes Early Homo Sapiens (Neanderthal)  moved East where their genes still exist in around 7% of people giving them wider Zygomas. JM says Zygom is only slightly influenced by oral posture but forward growth of the jaws is highly influenced by posture and this is a much greater in facial attractiveness. 

Ogaard B, Rolla G, Arends J. Orthodontic appliances and enamel demineralization. Part 1. Lesion Development.  Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1988 Jul;94(1):68-73.  “Visible white spot lesions were seen within 4 weeks”. “Demineralization associated with fixed orthodontic therapy is an extremely rapid process caused by a high and continuous cariogenic challenge in the plaque developed around brackets and underneath ill-fitting bands.” Damageenamel decalcification 

Ogaard B.  Prevalence of white spot lesions in 19-year-olds: a study on untreated and

orthodontically treated persons 5 years after treatment.  Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop1989 Nov;96(5):423-7.  Fifty-one orthodontic patients and 47 untreated subjects.  “The median white spot score was significantly higher in the orthodontic group than in the untreated group”. “White spot lesions after orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances may present an esthetic problem, even more than 5 years after treatment”. damage enamel decalcification

Ogaard,B. Larsson,E. & Runa-Lindsten,R. 1994 “The effect of sucking habits, cohort, sex, inter-canine arch widths and breast or bottle feeding on posterior cross-bite in Norwegian and Swedish 3 year old children”.  American Journal of Orthodontics and Dento-facial Orthopaedics.   106; 161-166.

O’Higgins E A, & Lee R T.  2000 How much space is created from Expansion or premolar extraction?  Journal of Orthodontics.  27: 11-13.  Using a working model. They found that 1mm expansion created 0.6mm space but model allowed “tapering in the premolar region”.  (However Biobloc type expansion with mid-arch retention is likely to achieve 1 to 1 with extra from proclination.)

O’Neill K, Harkness M, and Knight R. 2000. Ratings of profile attractiveness after functional appliance treatment American  Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 118: 371-376“There were also no significant differences between the changes in profile attractiveness of untreated subjects and subjects in the appliance groups. It is concluded that treatment with functional appliances does not lead to more attractive profiles than nontreatment”. In his critique Donald Giddon says “Although the data suggest possible increases in attractiveness for the 2 treatment groups, the differences are not statistically significant, primarily because of the extremely high variances (SD²) in all respondent groups. Perhaps a different result would have been obtained if the silhouettes were all compared with each other in a forced choice task, such as paired comparisons”.

Omblus, J. Malmgren, O. and Hagg, U.  1997.  European Journal of Orthodontics. 19:47-56.

“Mandibular growth during initial treatment with the Bass orthopaedic appliance in relation to age and growth periods.”    Fifty six boys with severe Class II, division 1 malocclusions (ANB mean 7.4,  SD 1.3) consecutively treated.  “High-pull headgear was used.”  “During the initial 6 months of treatment a small restraining effect on the maxilla and a forward growth of the mandible was observed.”

Organ. Chris and others. Harvard University. From Times 23^rd AUG 2011. “Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences”. Found that Homo-erectus of 2,000,000 years ago had much smaller maolars jaws and gut and suggested that this showed they were processing or cooking their food. They suggest that earlier hominids and primates needed to eat for 48% of their day but modern civilized man eats for 4.7% of the day.

Otsuka R, de Almeida F R, Lowe A A, and Ryand F. 2006. A comparison of responders and non-responders to oral appliance therapy for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2006;129:222-9. This retrospective study compared cephalometric variables between non-responders and matched responders. Results: “Middle and inferior airway space and oropharyngeal airway cross-sectional area were significantly larger in the non-responders”. They also showed an increased tendency to put on weight. JM says “The airway finding is confusing and the authors have difficulty in finding a logical explanation”. “Perhaps there are two major factors, 1/ A mouth open posture and 2/ sleeping on the back because of obesity”. Apnoea.

Otsuka R, de Almeida F, and Lowe A. 2007. The effects of oral appliances on occlusal function in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: A short term prospective study. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 131:176-183. Study of 12 patients following insertion of ‘Klearway’ appliance. “Significantly smaller occlusal contact area and bite force was found” after wearing the appliance all night. Apnoea. 

Ovsenik M. 2009. Incorrect orofacial functions until 5 years of age and their association with posterior crossbite. 243 children aged 3 to 5. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2009;136:375-81. “Half of the crossbite children had dummy sucking or were bottle-fed”. “Atypical swallowing patterns increased in Children with crossbite and decreased in those without crossbite. (P = 0.038)”. She says swallowing pattern matures from infantile to somatic between 2 & 4 but gives no evidence. JM thinks sucking until 12 to 15 months then swallow good if hard food.

Ozsoy.S and Iseri.H. 2002 Semi-rapid maxillary expansion: a new treatment approach in young adults. BOS Congress. To  evaluate the short- and long-term effects of SRME on dentofacial structures in young adults. 20 patients who required maxillary expansion and 20 controls.  Mean ages were 14.6 and 13.8 years at the start of the treatment.  A rigid acrylic maxillary expander was used for SRME (RME of 5-7 days, followed by slow maxillary expansion immediately after separation of the mid-palatal suture). The mean expansion time was 0.34 years and the mean follow-up period was 2.68 years after retention. RESULTS: “Lower nasal and maxillary base widths, upper intermolar and incisor interapex widths and maxillary base and intermolar angles were significantly increased compared with the control group (P < 0.05, P < 0.001), and remained unchanged during the retention and follow-up stages. Moreover, a significant amount of increases occurred in the zygomatic and lower nasal widths during the follow-up period. No significant changes were observed in the vertical posterior dentoalveolar height, mandibular plane angle and overbite”. 

Pancherz,H. Zieber,K. and Hoyer,B.. 1997.    “Cephalometric characteristics of class II division 1 and class II division 2 malocclusions: a comparative study in children”. The Angle Orthodontist. 67:111-120. Shows that class II/2 are unlikely to be inherited.

Pandis N, Vlahopoulos K, Madianos P, and Eliades, T. 2007. L.ong-term periodontal status of patients with mandibular lingual fixed retention. European Journal of Orthodontics 29: 471-476. 32 patients retained for ten years and 32 patients retained for 3 to 6 months. No significant difference was found with respect to the plaque and gingival indices and bone level between the two groups. The long-term group presented higher calculus accumulation, greater marginal recession,

Pangrazio-Kulbersh V, Berger JL, ChermakDS, Kaczynski R,Simon ES, and Haerian A. 2003. Treatment effects of the mandibular anterior repositioning appliance (MARA) on patients with Class 11 malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 123:286-95. 12 boys and 18 girls age 11.3. Effects included a considerable distalization of the maxillary molar, a measurable forward movement of the mandibular molar and incisor, a significant increase in mandibular length, and an increase in posterior face height. The treatment results of the MARA were very similar to those produced by the Herbst appliance but with less headgear effect on the maxilla and less mandibular incisor proclination. JM noted little vertical growth.

PaoIoni V, Lione R, Farisco F, Halazonetis DJ, Franchi L, and Cozza P. Morphometric covariation between palatal shape and skeletal pattern in Class I growing subjects. European Journal of Orthodontics, 2017,371-376. A cross-sectional sample of European ancestry (white). 85 Class II subjects (44 females, 41 males; mean age 8.7 years ±- 0.8) was collected retrospectively. Conclusions: Class II high-angle patients tended to have narrower and- higher palates, while Class II low-angle patients were related to wider and more shallow palates. Palate Vertical

Papadopoulos M A and Gkiaouris I. 2007. A critical evaluation of meta-analyses in orthodontics. Americal Journal of Dentofacial Orthopedics. 131: 589-599. “The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the topics in orthodontics that currently provide the best evidence by critically evaluating and discussing the methodologies used”. “98 studies were retrieved”. “Currently, for only a few orthodontic topics is there adequately supported evidence”. These include “1/. Maxillary protraction treatment, 2/ prevention of posterior crossbites, 3/ reliability of lateral cephalometric measurements, 4/ correlation between anterior tooth injuries and magnitude of overjet, 5/ correlation of external apical root resorption with treatment-related factors and type of tooth movement, and 6/ prevalence of tooth agenesis”. Unsupported topics were 1/ Functional Appliances in Class II Treatment. 2/ Treatment of transverse problems. 3/ Orthodontics and Temporomandibula Disorders. 4/ Cephalometric Landmark Identification. 5/ Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Syndrome. 6/ External Apical Root Resorption. They conclude that there is a “lack of high quality research articles in the orthodontic literature”.

Parks L R; Buschang P H; Alexander R A; Dechow P; and Rossouw P E. 2007.Masticatory Exercise as an Adjunctive Treatment for Hyperdivergent Patients. Angle Orthodontist 77:457-462. Three groups of 50 patients, orthodontics combined with exercise, orthodontics only, and controls. They were matched on the basis of age, sex, mandibular plane angle (MPA), treatment duration, and treatment rendered. Exercise sample were instructed to clench their teeth together as hard as possible for 15 seconds and to repeat this process at least four times for a total of one minute. “Changes in vertical facial morphology were not significantly different between the two treated samples”. “The treated samples also showed significantly less true forward mandibular rotation than the untreated controls”. JM commentated “Did that amount to one minute a day? Horizontal growth.Chewing gum Hard chews.

Paulsen,H.U. 1996 “A cephalometric study of 100 consecutive patients treated with the Herbst appliance and followed until cessation of growth”.  European Journal of Orthodontics. 18: 423.  At Brighton meeting he said “Only 3% developed gingeval recession” this was despite considerable proclination.

Peck, H. & Peck,S. 1970 “A concept of facial aesthetics”. Angle Orhtodontist. 40: 119-127..  Prognathic faces are more attractive to the public. “The general public admires a fuller, more protrusive dentofacial pattern than customary cephalometric standards would like to permit”. Gives details of a method of comparing faces by superimposing on hollow above Tragus and Nasion..  (F damage)

Peng J, Deng H, Cao CF and Ishikawa M. 2005. Craniofacial morphology in Chinese female twins: a semi-longitudinal cephalometric study. European Journal of Orthodontics. 27: 556-561. 61 pairs MZ and 28 pairs DZ. “The results suggest that early orthodontic intervention would have a greater influence on the antero-posterior rather than on the vertical plane of growth”. JM comments They reduced the significance by assuming that mandibular variations could be both genetic and environmental and basing their statistics on this assumption. I would say that all variations in the vertical are highly environmental. They also viewed vertical and horizontal growth as separate entities. Statistical, growth direction 

Pepazian,H.P. 1967  ‘Modern genetics’. Pub Weidenfeld & Nicholson, London . (It takes 100,000 years fro evolution to create a signifacant change).

Peppard P E, Young T, Palta M,  and Skatrud J. New Engl J med 2000;342:1378-84. “Prospective study of the association between sleep-disordered breathing and hypertension”. “A substantial proportion of the adult population has mild-to-moderate sleep-disorderedbreathing”. 709 “Participants complete overnight sleep studies at four-year intervals. These studies include assessment of sleep-disordered breathing (by monitored polysomnography), blood pressure, and many potential confounding factors”. There was no control “because of variability within subjects and measurement error in assessing blood pressure, some misclassification of hypertension status was inevitable. Thus, we could not precisely identifya cohort of participants who were free of hypertension at base line to follow for a determination of the incidence of hypertension. In- stead, in all models, we controlled forhypertension status at base line”. They found “Apnoea …may cause elevated blood pressureduring the daytime and, ultimately, sustained hypertension”. Apnea.

Perinetti G, Primožič J,  Furlani G,  Franchi L, Contardo L. Treatment effects of fixed functional appliances alone or in combination with multibracket appliances: 
Angle Orthod 2015;85: 480-92. A systematic review and meta-analysis.  To assess skeletal and dentoalveolar effects of fixed functional appliances, alone or in combination with multibracket appliances. 8 articles. Results “supplementary total mandibular elongation was 1.95 mm (1.47 to 2.44) and 2.22 mm (1.63 to 2.82) among pubertal patients”. Mandibula Growth.

Perrett. D. I., May. K A and Yoshikawa. S. 1994 Facial shape and judgements of female attractiveness: preferences for non average characteristics. Nature (Lond) 368:239-242.

Peterson, T.J., Hugh, J.D., and McIver, J.E.  1983 ‘Mandibular Rest Position in Subjects with High and Low Mandibular Plane Angles’.  American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 83: 318-320. 

Petren,S Bjerklin K and Bondemark L. 2011. Stability of unilateral posteior crossbites: a randomised cloinical trial with a 3 year follow up. AJO DO.2011:139. 24A-25A. 35 patients with Quad Helex or expansion. 20 controls. “Similar long-term stability”. “Correction unpredictable” “Mean maxillary widths never reached those of normal controls”.

Phatouros A and Goonewardene M S. Morphologic changes of the palate after rapid maxillary expansion: A 3-dimensional computed tomography evaluation. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2008; 134:117-24. Material. 43 children (mean age, 9 years 1 month) treated with a bonded RME appliance. Untreated control group of 7 children. Dental casts were evaluated by using 3D helical CT scanning. Student t test for linear, area, and angular differences between the treatment times. Results: “RME produced clinically significant increases in interdental widths and in cross-sectional area (15.3 mm2)”. “There was marked variability in the buccal tipping of the permanent first molars”. JM wants to do similar and compare them.

Phillips, C, Shapiro, PA and Luschei, E.S.  1982 ‘Morphologic Alterations in Macaca Mulatta Following Destruction of Molar Nucleus of Trigeminal Nerve’.  AJO, 81:292-298.

Pinho S, Ciriaco C, Faber J, Lenza MA. 2007. Impact of dental asymmetries on the perception of smile esthetics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.;132:748-753. Found Shifts of up to 4mm are not perceived by the public. Midline.

Platou,C. & Zachrisson,B.U. 1983. “Incisor position in Scandinavian children with ideal occlusion.” American Journal of Orthodontics. 83:341—352. Thirty children with ‘ideal occlusion were found out of a sample of 568 twelve year old children.  “They were likely to be brachyfacial (horizontal) with somewhat procumbent incisors”.. “Remarkably the lower incisors were not behind the APO plane in any single case with ideal occlusion”…(F damage)vertical

Pomiankowski Andrew. 2003. How do Mutations Lead to Evo;ution. New Scientist. June 14: P 35-36. “Box genes lay down the basic body plan.” “Box genes can be swapped betweendistant species, with little obvious effect on development”. “A mutation in one gene inevitably causes a cascade of effects through the gene regulatory network”. “Transcription factors not only turn genes on and off, they also control the quantitative expression of genes”(ie sex or timing).

Popper, K.A.   1963 “Conjectures and refutations” Raubledge & Kea Paul. London. He suggest that the way to find the truth is to see which hypothesis fits the evidence best.

Prado G P R, Fabianne Furtado, Alolse A C, Bilo J P R, Ferreira L M and Pereirae M D. Stability of surgically assisted rapid palatal, expansion with and without retention analyzedby 3-dimensional imaging. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2014;145:610-6. Ninety digitized dental casts of 30 adults undergoing SARPE were divided into 2 groups-no retention (n = 15) and retention (n = 15)-and assessed. Measured 7 days on average before, 4 and 10 months after expansion. Surgery was subtotal LeFort 1 with separation of pterygo-maxillary suture. The trans-palatal arch was kept for 10 months. (JM notes- Varying amounts of expansion which relapsed regardless of retention). Results: “The use of a trans-palatal arch as a retaining device does not improve dento-osseous stability”.

Pratt MC, Kluemper GT, Hartsfield JK, Fardo D, and Nash DA. Evaluation of retention protocols among members of the American Association of Orthodontists in the United States . Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011; 140:520-6. 9143 members circulated 1632responded. “Current shift away from Hawley retainers and toward vacuum-formed retainers and fixed retention”. “Respondents who extract fewer teeth and use removable retainers were more likely to tell their patients to wear their retainers at night for the rest of their lives”.

Preston C.B. “Preliterate environment and the nasopharynx” Am J Orthod. 1979. The C V. Mosby CO. Tomograms to measure nasal space. Found Adenoids rarely obstructed airway.

Preston CB, Maggard MB, Lampasso J, and Chalabid O. 2008. Long-term effectiveness of the continuous and the sectional archwire techniques in leveling the curve of Spee. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2008;133:550-5. Conclusions: Both techniques produced highly significant reductions in the COS. “For both techniques, a statistically significant difference was seen in the incidence of the relapse of the COS between patients who were completely leveled post-treatment and those who were not”. JM thinks because tongue kept out and has written to him asking him about changes in overall and lower face height – no reply.

Price Western 1945 Nutrition and Phisical Degeneration. Printed by the author Redlands California. Shows that primitive living avoids malocclusion which he feels is due to modern eating habits and processed food.

Primozic J, Farcnik F. Perinetti G, Richmond S and Ovsenik M. The association of tongue posture with the dentoalveolar maxillary and mandibular morphology in Class III malocclusion: a controlled study European Journal of Orthodontics 35 (2013) 388-393. Study of 40 patients referred to Ljubljana half of whom were severe class III!! “Tongue posture is significantly lower in Class III subjects”.

Proff P, Will F; BokanI, Fanghanel J and Gedrange T. 2008. Cranial Base Features in Skeletal Class III Patients. Angle Orth 78: 433-439. 54 skeletal Class III patients and 54 matched controls. Conclusions: Decreased basicranial angulation associated with Class III mandibular protrusion was clearly confirmed. They are compatible with the morphometric findings of Singh who observed a horizontal compression of the posterior cranial base with marked local deformations in the basion and articulare area in Class III patients. “Mandibular length relative to anterior cranial base length is increased in skeletal class III”. Overall shortening of the cranial base apparently resulted from “various minor local changes”. This supports JM’s belief that a 1° change in CBA will only give ½ mm movement so many other bones need to move, so CBA is an indication not a cause. Also a reduction in the CBA takes the forehead back not the mandible forward. Sadle angle

Proffit W, Fields H, Nixon W. Occlusal forces in normal and long faced adults. Journal of Dental Research 1983; 62:566-571. Found that the mean occlusal bite force was twice as great in normal as in long faced subjects with short face subjects generating even higher force. Muscle tone, growth direction.

Proffit,W.R.& Sellers,K.T. 1986 ‘The effect of intermittent forces on the rabbit incisor’  Journal of Dental Research   65; 118-122. “The implication……to slowly erupting human teeth, is that light, prolonged forces, not biting forces, may be the important factor in controlling eruption.” 

Proffit,W.R. 1986. On the aetiology of malocclusion. BJ Orthod. 13: 1-11. 

Proffit, W.R. and Fields, H.W. 1993  “Occlusal forces on Long and Normal Face children”. Journal of Dental Research. 62; 571 

Proffit, W.R. Fields, H.W. Nixon, W.I. 1993 “Occlusal forces in Normal and Long-faced adults. Journal of Dental Research.  62; 566.

See also Lee and Profit 1995.

Proffit, W.R., Turvey, T.A., and Phillips, C.  1997. “Orthognathic Surgery: A hierachy of Stability.”  American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics.  111: 460.  “The most suitable orthognathic procedure is superior repositioning of the maxilla, closely followed by mandibular advancement in patients in whom anterior facial height is maintained or increased.  (If facial height is decreased by upward rotation of the chin, stability is compromised).”  “mandibular setback often is not stable”.  “Least stable orthognathic procedure is transverse expansion of the maxilla”.(F damage) forward vertical relapse

Proffit,W R, Bailey, L’T J, Phillips, C & Turvey,T A. 2000  Long-term stability of surgical open –bite correction by Le Fort osteotomy. Angle Orthodontist 70: 112117.  “Anterior open bite can be due to lack of eruption of anterior teeth, but most often is caused by the rotation of the jaws or excessive eruption of posterior teeth”.  “The short term stability of this surgery is excellent”. “The stability of skeletal landmarks and dental relationships from 1 to >3 years post-surgery was examined in 28 patients who had undergone surgery of the maxilla only, and in 26 patients who had undergone 2-jaw surgery to correct >2 mm anterior open bite”. “Although the average changes in almost all landmark positions and skeletal dimensions were less than 1 mm, point B moved down >2 mm and face height increased >2mm in one-third of the maxilla-only group. and iii 40% of the 2 jaw group”. (>4 mm in l0% and 22% respectively).  Dental changes were smaller. “Data from observations of erupting human premolars suggest that heavy intermittent forces, like those from swallowing or other activity, have little or no effect on an erupting tooth”.  ^“Animal experiments have shown the same results and also show that very light pressure, like that exerted by the tongue (or other soft tissues) at rest, can stop eruption if they are maintained for 25 to 50% of the time”. “Changes in tongue posture occur post-surgically, and the changes in vertically-directed resting pressure against the posterior teeth, produced by these changes probably play a role in the extent to which tooth eruption occurs”. Damage relapse

Proffit,W R. Paris World Congress Sept 2005.suggested that the relapse of many class II cases may be due to post treatment remodeling of the condyle. JM thinks perhaps but more likely to be to maintenance of the original open mouth posture.

Ramirez-Yanez G O, Saxby P J and Young W G. 2002 Condylar Fracture: Non-treatment Case Followed Over 23 Years. World J Orthod;3:349-352. “Temporary ankylosis and lack of growth with severe deviation and facial asymmetry had been initially observed”.Subsequently “completely re-stabilized anatomy and function”. TMD TMJ

Ramoglu SI and Sari Z. 2010. Maxillary expansion in the mixed dentition: rapid or semi-rapid. European Journal of Orthodontics 32: 11-18. SRME group of 18 patients and RME group of 17 patients average age 8½. A splint type tooth and tissue-borne bonded appliance was activated in the SRME group two-quarter turns per day for the first week, followed by one-quarter turn every other day and in the RME group two-quarter turns per day throughout treatment. “The only statistically significant (P<0.05) difference between two groups was in inferior movement of posterior nasal spine (PNS) relative to the SN plane” this suggests slightly more vertical growth with Rapid Expansion. Whether the amount of relapse would be less with SRME due to a decrease in residual stresses in dentofacial structures should be evaluated further. JM notes appliances bonded to teeth and much less expansion. Semi-rapid expansion relapse. 

Rawji A, Parker L, Deb P, Woodside D, Tompson B, and Shapiro C M. 2008. Impact of orthodontic appliances on sleep quality. Am J Orthod Oentofacial Orthop 2008; 134:606-14. Material 22 subjects wearing either Head gear (12), Functional (5) or Twin Bloch (5). Two overnight studies with or without appliances. Results “there appears to be no difference in sleep quality with or without the overnight use of these appliances after they have been worn for a minimum of 3 months”.

Ren V, Maltha JC, and Kuijpers-Jagtman AM. 2003. Optimum Force Magnitude for Orthodontic Tooth Movement: A Systematic Literature Review. Over 400 articles reviewed. “No evidence about the optimal force level in orthodontics”. “After more than half a century of research on orthodontic tooth movement, it is disappointing to conclude that the answer to the question of the optimal force is still far away”. damage

Richards Derek. Director of Evidenced Based Medicine at Oxford.  2000 ‘The London Based Symposium’. , Evidenced Based Dentistry  2: pages 3-4. “The current focus of dental schools leans toward the teaching of technical skills rather than scientific thinking”.

Richards D, (2008) Reflecting the evidence. Evidence-Based Dentistry 9, 98-99. “RCTs have a number of well known limitations” He quotes Professor Sir Michael Rawlins, Chair of the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) who said “randomized controlled trials (RCT) have been put on an underserved pedestal and that their position at the top of hierarchies is inappropriate”.

Richards MR, Fields HW, Beck M, Firestone,AR, Walther, DB, Hosenstlel, S and Sacksteder,JM. Contribution of malocclusion and female facial attractiveness to smile esthetics evaluated by eye tracking. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2015;147:472-82. “Eye tracking provides an objective method to evaluate what people see”. 76 non-dental professionals viewers. Female composite images, each image shown twice for reliability. “As the dental attractiveness decreased, the visual attention increased on the mouth”. ‘Composite Images’ were created by combining faces and teeth. JM thinks this creates unnatural appearance. Conclusions: “Eye tracking indicates that dental attractiveness can alter the level of visual attention depending on the female models’ facial attractiveness”. JM thinks this is because raters will look more when unattractive teeth spoil an attractive face.

Richardson M.  “Late lower arch crowding”.  AJO & DO.107: 613-617.  1995. “Fifty subjects who were followed longitudinally between 13 and 18 showed an average increase in lower arch crowding of 2.36mm”.  The crowding was “not related to tooth width, arch width, or jaw width, actual or relative”.  Small jaws are clearly not the cause of crowding so why extract?

Richmond S, Daniels CP, and Dunston F. (Cardiff) 2002. “……” Found 81% of orthodontic patients had extractions

Richter AE, Arruda AO, Peters MC and Sonn W. Incidence of caries lesions among patients treated with comprehensive orthodontics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011 ;139:657-64. 350 “Randomly selected orthodontic patient records”. White-spot lesions (WSL), is a well-known side-effect of orthodontic treatment. 72.9% patients “developed at least 1 new WSL”, (2.3% cavitated). The incidence of WSL in patients treated with comprehensive orthodontics was significantly high. Decay caries cavities

Ricketts RM, Schulhof RJ, Bagha L. Oerientation-sella-nasion or Frankfort horizontal. Am J Orth 1976: 69: 648-654. Discussed forcasting growth direction.

Rix,R.E.   1946 “Deglutition and the teeth”.  Dental Record. 66; 103. (First described tongue between tooth swallows).

Robertson C, Herbison P and Harkness M. 2003. Dental and occlusal changes during mandibular advancement splint therapy in sleep disordered patients. European Journal of Orthodontics 25: 371-376. 100 patients with obstructive sleep apnea were fitted with a non-adjustable MAS appliance and divided into random groups and reviewed 6, 12, 18, 24 or 30 months. The mandibula length did not increase significantly but with a SD of over 7mm many of them may have done so. “The SNA, ANB angles, ANS-PNS length and face height increased, and the mandibular first molars and the maxillary first premolars significantly over erupted”. “Significant retroclination of the maxillary incisors and proclination of the mandibular incisors were accompanied by reductions in maxillary arch length, overbite and overjet. “When the changes over time were determined, the mandibular symphysis was significantly lower at all review periods. “An increase in face height and reductions in overbite and overjet were evident at 6 months, and over-eruption of the maxillary first premolars and mandibular first molars, and proclination of the lower incisors were found at 24 months. “Significant positive correlations were also found between the amount of anterior opening by the appliances and changes in overbite at 24 and 30 months”.“The appliance used produced small, unpredictable changes in the occlusion”. Two lateral cephalometric radiographs, one with teeth together and one with appliance in before and after treatment. “The bite opening should be kept to a minimum” to reduce the adverse changes. “There were considerable variations”. Damage. JM says this strongly suggests that any appliance posturing the jaw forward to cure Apnea is likely to lengthen the face and make the situation worse. He wrote to Robertson (email 13-8-03). RCT. Apnea. Retraction

Robinson,J.M., Rinch,D.J., & Zullo,T.G.  “Relationship of skeletal pattern and nasal form.”  American Journal of Orthodontics.  89: 499-506.  1986. (Noticed that the size of the nose was inversely related to the size of the maxilla but thought it was a genetic link)

Rose JC, Roblee RD. Origins of dental crowding and malocclusions: an anthropological perspective. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2009 Jun;30(5):292-300. Ancient Egyptian skeletons reveal extensive tooth wear but very little dental crowding. “These analyses suggest it was not the reduction in tooth wear that increased crowding and malocclusion, but rather the tremendous reduction in the forces of mastication, which produced this extreme tooth wear”. Aetiology

Roux W, 1895, Entwick der Organismen Bd I & II, Leipzig, Englemann Early German orthodontist who felt malocclusion was environmental.

Rowlerson A, Raoul G, Daniel Y, Close J, Maurage C, Ferri J, and Sciote J J. 2005. Fibre-type differences in Masseter muscle associated with different facial morphologies. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2005;127:37-46. Sections of Masseter muscle from selected surgical patients. “Type I fiber occupancy increased in open bites, and conversely, type 11 fiber occupancy increased in deep-bites”. They conclude “Vertical bite characteristics vary according to the fiber type composition of Masseter muscle”. JM says or the reverse.

Ruf,S. Hansen.K, and Pancherz.H. 1998. “Does Orthodontic proclination of lower incisors in children and adolescents cause gingival recession?”98 patients with class II malocclusion treated with Herbst over 7 months.  “All subjects exibited good oral hygiene”.  “Orthodontic proclination of lower incisors in children and adolescents seems not to result in gingival recession”. clefting

Ruf S, Baltromejus S, and Pancherz H.2001. Effective Condylar Growth and Chin Position Changes in Activator Treatment: Angle Orthodontist 2001; 71:4-11. A Cephalometric Roentgenographic Study. 40 successful patients ‘before’ and ‘after’ 2.6 years. Control 32 Bolton untreated ‘ideals’. They used Andreson appliances. – “an increase in the amount of vertical effective condylar growth (3.0 mm; P < .001), a decrease in the amount of sagittal effective condylar growth (0.6 mm; P < .05), and an increase in the amount of vertical development of the chin (1.8 mm; P < .001).  No group differences could be found for sagittal development of the chin. In the Bolton group, the mandible rotated posteriorly, and in the activator group it rotated anteriorly (2.70; P < .001). The present investigation revealed that effective condylar growth can be increased and the chin position can be changed by activator treatment. Thus activator treatment induces skeletal changes, although not always in the desired (sagittal) therapeutic direction”. ,”The trimming of the activator allowing for an eruption of molars and premolars also might have contributed to a vertical jaw development”.  “An anterior mandibular rotation was seen in the activator group in contrast to the slight posterior rotation in the Bolton group”. The direction of growth at Pg of the Bolton IDEAL Group was 54 degrees.  JM comments.1/ Bolton patients probably not ideal. 2/ Also because they were not class II can not be compared for horizontal growth.  3/ Bite planes, Twin Blocks etc give anterior rotation but increased vertical.  4/ By selecting successful cases they probably had more with good motor tone and lipseal. Pancherz thinks that this is because condyle also drops.  Changes to Maxilla were not considered but JM sure it dropped. Growth Direction.

Ruf S, Pancherz H, and Lotter L. Interrelationship between the amount of bite jumping  and effective temporomandibular joint and chin changes in Herbst treatment  European Orthodontic Society Congress, 2002. 20 females, 20 males treated with the Herbst (no controls). Chin changed its position 3 mm anteriorly and 5 mm inferiorly. CONCLUSION: “Both sagittal and vertical chin changes are interrelated to the amount of bite jumping. However, vertical changes seem to be more predictable than sagittal changes” . 

Rugh,J,D.,& Drago,C,J,. 1981 “Vertical dimension: a study of clinical rest position and jaw muscle activity”. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 45:670. With minimal muscle activity the freeway space was 8.6mm.

Rushing,S.E, Silberman,S.L., Meydrech,E.F, and Tuncay,O.U.  1995. “How dentists perceive the effects of orthodontic extraction on facial appearance”. Clinical Practice. 126:769-772.  31 greneral practitioners, 9 general dentists limitting their practice to orthodontics, and 18 orthodontists.  45 consecutive patients, 15 ext, 15 non-ext and 15 untreated.  “Dentists judgements of facial profiles are neither more or less accurate than a coin toss”.  JM agrees because it is not the extractions that do the damage but the treatment or the posture.

Ryf S, Flury S, Palaniappan S, Lussi A, van Meerbeek B, and Zimmerli B. Enamel loss and adhesive remnants following bracket removal and various clean-up procedures in vitro. European Journal of Orthodontics 14 (2012) 25 ]2. “sufficient clean-up without enamel loss was difficult to achieve”. Grinding, damage, 

Ryan D P O, Bianchi J, Ignacio J, Woolford L, and Goncalves J R. Cone Beam Computed Tomography Computed Airway measurements: Can we trust them? AJO & DO. 2019; 156:P53-60. Conclusion, Different CBCT exams with equal scanning and patient positioning protocols can result in different 3D PAS readings. A more careful interpretation of CBCT volumetric data to achieve adequate conclusions of the clinical outcomes is necessary. JM concludes CBCT useless for airway.

Sackett,D. Professor of Evidenced Based Research at Oxford. 1994 “Nine years later; a commentary on revisiting the Moyers symposium”. CraniofacialGrowth Series, Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.  In 1985 he had stated “Orthodontics was behind such treatment modalities as acupuncture, hypnosis, homeopathy, and orthomolecular therapy and on a par with scientology”.  In 1994 “it was very exciting to see the enormous progress that has been made in developing the applied scientific base for orthodontic practice”.

S. Salam and D Bearn. 2009. The Control of Pain in Orthodontics. Ortho Update 2009; 2: 16-20. “Initially felt from two to four hours following a procedure, then increase in intensity being worse at bedtime. Tends to subside over the next 2 to 3 days however/some level of discomfort is still reported even after 7 days in 25% to 42% of patients.

Saltaji H, Flores-Mir C, Major P & Youssef M. (Edmonton) The relationship between vertical facial morphology and overjet in untreated Class 11 subjects. Angle Orthod. 2012;82:432-440. To evaluate the association between vertical facial morphology and overjet in untreated Class 11 subjects. “A positive association was found between the overjet and the tendency toward a hyperdivergent pattern. Vertical, Overjet; Craniofacial morphology 

Sambataro S, Baccetti T, Franchi L,  and Antonini F. 2004. Early Predictive Variables for Upper Canine Impaction as Derived from Posteroanterior Cephalograms. Angle Orthod 2004;75:28-34. Posteroanterior (PA) cephalograms of 43 subjects age 8 and 14. Divided into 2 groups 31 non-impaction 12 impacted canines. Impaction chance increased if canine nearer mid-sagittal plane and if posterior portion of the hemimaxilla was larger. They suggest “the use of techniques to widen the anterior part of the maxilla without increasing the posterior part of the upper jaw”, i.e. incorporating a “fan” screw.

Samuels, C.A. & Elwy,R. “Aesthetic perception of faces during infancy”. British Journal of Psychology. 3:221-228. 1985. (Showed that three month old children prefer good looking faces).

Sandikcioglu M, and Hazar S. 1997 Skeletal and Dental Changes after Maxillary Expansion in the Mixed Dentition. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dento-facial Orthopedics. 111: 321-327. Found Semi-rapid expansion was not very effective but did not open at the 1mm rate. 

Sankey WL, Buschang PH, English J and Owen AH.  2000.  Early treatment of vertical skeletal dysplasia.  The hyperdivergent phenotype.  American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 118: 317-327. “Consecutively treated cases were selected”?? “Thirty-eight patients, 8.2 years (± 1.2 years) of age, were treated for 1.3 years (± 0.3 years) with lip seal exercises, a bonded palatal expander appliance with a bite block, and a banded lower Crozatl lip bumper. Patients with poor masticatory muscle force (79%) wore a high-pull chin cup that had little effect. A control group was matched for age, sex, and mandibular plane angle. Treatment produced “true’ forward mandibular rotation 2.7 times greater than control values. Posterior facial height increased significantly more in patients than in controls.  The long term effects have not been established”. Face, lips

Sar C, Arman-Ozcuprcr A, Uckan S, and Yazici C. Comparative evaluation of maxillary protraction with or without skeletal anchorage. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011 ;139:636-49. 45 class III subjects into 3 groups. 1^st two titanium miniplates surgically placed laterally to the apertura piriformis regions of the maxilla. 2^nd by conventional facemasks. 3^rduntreated. control. Before maxillary protraction, rapid maxillary expansion with a bonded appliance was performed in both treatment groups (rapid for 7 days then semi-rapid until desired expansion achieved.) Conclusions: “The undesired effects of conventional facemask therapy (posterior rotation of mandible) were reduced or eliminated with miniplateanchorage, and efficient maxillary protraction was achieved in a shorter treatment period”.

Sarul M, Kawala B, Kawala M and Antoszewska-Smith J.  Do the NiTi low and constant force levels remain stable in vivo? Randomized controlled trial. Eur J Orthod. 2015 Dec;37(6):656-64. doi: 10.1093/ejo/cju105. Epub 2015. 540 pieces of orthodontic archwires, “For the purpose of a 4-6-week aligning stage, round NeoSentalloy® with a diameter of 0.016 inches seems to be the wire of choice”. “Despite controversy concerning the periodontal response to mechanical loading (1-5), there is evidence that a force value exceeding 20-25 g/cm- on the periodontal ligaments (PDL) may lead to inhibition of blood flow, and thus to PDL hyalinization along with necrosis and undermining resorption”.

Satchell David (see under Setchel)

Satlroglu F, Arun T and Isik F. 2005. Comparative data on facial morphology and muscle thickness using ultrasonography. European Journal of Orthodontics 27:562-567. 23 females, 24 males. Real-time scanner(Siemens Elegra) with a 7.5-9.0 MHz broadband transducer. “Masseter muscle thickness was found to be significantly correlated to vertical facial pattern”. “Muscles of facial expression showed no relationship with vertical facial pattern”.

Effects of craniofacial morphology on gingival recession and clinical attachment loss.

Salti L, Holtfreter B, Pink C, Habes M, Slifer R, Kiliaridis S, et al. Estimating effects of craniofacial morphology on gingival recession and clinical attachment loss. J Clin Periodontol 2017;44:363-71.

Subjects with long, narrow faces were found to have .35 mm more gingival recession and .47 mm more clinical attachment loss compared with subjects with a broader, square facial type.Broad arch expansion.

Sánchez-Molins M, Grau Carbó J, Lischeid Gaig C Ustrell Torrent J M. Comparative study of the craniofacial growth depending on the type of lactation received.Eur J Paediatr Dent 2010;11:87-92. “Those fed with bottle had a dolichocephalic Steiner mandibular plane”. Breastfeeding. Bottle fed longer face

Satygo “Pediatric Dentistry and Prophylaxis”. Journal № 1.2013 in Moscow Elena A.Satygo in St. Petersburg about 63% of children with adenoids in age of 6-9 could avoid adenoidectomy if they established their nose breathing pattern. TO COMPLETE

Savjani D, Wertheim O and Edler R. 2005. European Journal of Orthodontics 27 (2005) 268-273. Change in cranio-cervical angulation following orthognathic surgery. Summary.Changes in natural head posture (NHP) were investigated in 33 patients (10 males, 23 females) with an age range of 16-40 years (median 21 years) following orthognathic surgeryto change vertical face height. Conclusions: 1. Following orthognathic surgery there was evidence of a relationship between a reduction in vertical face height and cranio-cervical angle in those patients who underwent a minimum of 3 mm of change in vertical face height.2. There was no significant change in cranio-vertical angle with a reduction in face height, indicating that it is neck posture, rather than head posture, that had changed.

Sayma O S, and Turkkahramana H. Turkey. 2005. Cephalometric Evaluation of Non-growing Females with Skeletal and Dental Class 11, division 1 Malocclusion. Angle Orthod 2005;75:656-660. An assessment of 40 non-growing females which found “On average, the maxilla of Class 11 division 1 patients was normally positioned.” However this assessment was based on the base of the skull which itself was different as “The cranial base angle was significantly larger.” (JM says there must be a risk of findinging the maxilla too far forward if based on a tilted SN).

Scheffler NR, Proffit WR, and Phlllips C. Outcomes and stability in patients with anterior open bite and long anterior face height treated with temporary anchorage devices and a maxillary intrusion splint. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2014;146:594-602. TADS now offer the possibility of closing anterior open bites and decreasing anterior face height by intruding maxillary posterior teeth, but data for treatment outcomes are lacking. 33 consecutive patients who had intrusion of maxillary posterior teeth with a maxillary occlusal splint and nickel-titanium coil springs to temporary anchorage devices in the zygomatic buttress area. During splint therapy, the mean molar intrusion was 2.3 mm. The mean decrease in anterior face height was 1.6 mm, less than expected because of a 0.6-mm mean eruption of the mandibular molars. During the post-intrusion orthodontics, the mean change in maxillary molar position was a 0.2-mm extrusion, and there was a mean 0.5-mm increase in face height. Conclusions: Intrusion of the maxillary posterior teeth can give satisfactory correction of moderately severe anterior open bites, but 0.5 to 1.5 mm of re-eruption of these teeth is likely to occur. Controlling the vertical position of the mandibular molars so that they do not erupt as the maxillary teeth are intruded is important in obtaining a decrease in face height. JM thinks that intrusion is only permanent if motor tone increases.

Schulz, C. 1979. ‘Zur Atiologie de Progene’ (The Aetiology of Prognathism). FortschritteKieferorthopadie 40: 87-104. Looked at portrates of the Habsburg Kings and decided that Class III occlusions were inherited).

Schulz S O, McNamara J A, Baccetti T, and Franchid L. 2005. Treatment effects of bonded RME and Vertical-Pull Chin-Cup followed by fixed appliance in patients with increased vertical dimension. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2005;128:326-36. Methods: Retrospective study of 29 subjects treated with bonded RME plus Vertical Pull Chin Cup and 29 matched controls with RME only.  Vertical Pull caused a reduction of total anterior facial height of about 3.5 mm at the end of treatment (no long-term follow up). The VPCC was of little benefit during the fixed appliance phase. More evidence that fixed inhibits change.

Schuster G, Borel-Scherf I, and  Schopfl PM. 2005  Frequency of and Complications in the Use of Rapid Palatal Expansion (RPE) Appliances – Results of a Survey in the Federal State of Hesse, Germany. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics. ;66:148-161. A questionnaire sent to 105 private orthodontists about the frequency of rapid palatal expansion and complications during treatment. 1472 patients had non-surgically assisted 168 had surgically assisted. Mean age 16.7 years. Only one clinician avoided surgery up to age 35. Most activated between 1.5 and 10mm per week but often varied. Despite the young average age 28 sutures did not separate resulting in tilting and root resorbtion. 10% offices reported nose nasal changes and bleeding. Only one third of offices reported pain (JM thinks the study was biased as others (Needleman et al 2000) reported 98% with pain. JM says far more would have opened if 1mm per week).  

Schott TC, Goz G. Young Patients’ Attitudes toward removable Appliance Wear Times, Wear-time Instructions and Electronic Wear-time Measurements – Results of a Questionnaire Study. J Orofae Orthop 2010;71:108-16. Objective: To determine the attitude of young patients to removable appliance wear times, wear-time instructions and electronic wear-time measurement. 140 patients (mean age 11.97 years) with removable appliances expressed their wishes about wear times and wear-time instructions in a questionnaire. Timing mechanisms were fitted to the appliances but “The majority did not want their practitioners determining the length of the appliance wear”. “Wear times were accepted by 58% of the girls but only 28% of the boys”. Cooperation increased if offered “an improvement in their appearance”. They used Theramon timers.

Sciote J J, & Morris T J. (Pitsburgh) 2000. Skeletal muscle function and fibre types: the relationship between occlusal function and the phenotype of jaw-closing muscles in human. (British) Journal of Orthodontics 27: 15-30. Type I fibres are slow contracting thin fibres while type II are fast contracting thick fibres. “the aetiology of the fibre types in human masseter is directly related to dramatic changes in oral function”. Because of changes in our diet “Human jaw closing muscles are distinct from other Primates in that do not contain the type II masticatory fibres”.  They quote the case of an adult female with uncontrolled masseter spasm whose muscle fibres were ‘abnormal’ “with most of the type II fast fibres of larger average diameter than the type I fibres”.  In other words the excessive activity had made the muscle look more like a primate’s. 

Seemann J, Kundt G, de Castrillon F. 2011 Relationship between occlusal findings and orofaci~ myofunctional status in primary and mixed dentition. Part IV: Interrelation between space conditions and orofacial dysfunctions. Aim. The aim of this study was to provide basic representative data on the prevalence of malocclusions involving space deficiency in both primary and early mixed dentition and to examine the relationship between these malocclusions and orofacial dysfunctions. 766 children in primary dentition and 2,209 children in mixed dentition. 10% crowding in Primary dent and 50% in mixed. “Habitual open mouth posture, visceral swallowing, articulation disorders and oral habits were statistically significantly more frequent in children in primary dentition presenting a narrow maxillary arch”. “A narrow maxillary apical base correlated positively with all the orofacial dysfunctions analyzed”. “Deviations from a regular arch form become apparent very early during dentition development”.

Sforza C, Laino A, D’Alessio R, Dellavia C, Grandi G, & Ferrario VF. Three-dimensional Facial Morphometry of Attractive Children and Normal Children in the Deciduous and Early Mixed Dentition. Angle Orth 77:1025-1033. 2007. Material. 220 normal 4 to 9 year old school children compared to 92 children with attractive faces selected TV adverts. Lay  Panels of independent Judges were used to assess attractiveness. “It is felt that esthetics should be evaluated by the laypersons who actually seek orthodontic or maxillofacial treatment”. Results. “Attractive children had a larger face, with a larger maxilla and forehead” “Their faces were wider and deeper, but less vertically developed” (especially in the lower third). “Lips were more voluminous in attractive children, with a higher mouth”. “The nose was larger in attractive children”. “The soft-tissue facial profile was more convex in attractive children, with a more prominent maxilla relative to the mandible”.See illustration in /John Mew/faces. Horizontal model agency JM notes “unattractive faces were much longer”*

Shah RM, Boyd MA, Vakil IT 1978. Studies of permanent tooth anomalies in 7886 Canadian individuals. J Can Dent Assoc. 1978;44: 262-264. Frequency of canine impaction 0.8% to 2.8%.1.

Shafiee R, Korn EL, Pearson H, Boyd RL, and Baumrinde S. 2008. Evaluation of facial attractiveness from end-of-treatment facial photographs.  Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2008;133:500-8. The faces of 45 patients before and after treatment taken laterally, frontally and smiling. “The rankings of the smiling photographs were significantly better predictors of their rankings of groupings of all 3 photographs for each patient than were the rankings of the profile photographs”. The full face photos ranked intermediately. However JM notes that “actual differences in physical dimensions were relatively small”. JM thinks that in this situation the characteristics of the smile have more power than if there were large bony variations between start and finish when he thinks the lateral photo has most power.

Shah RM, Boyd MA, Vakil IT 1978. Studies of permanent tooth anomalies in 7886 Canadian individuals. J Can Dent Assoc. 1978;44: 262-264. Frequency of canine impaction 0.8% to 2.8%.1.

Shalisha M, Chaushua S, and Wassersteinb A. 2009. Malposition of Unerupted Mandibular Second Premolar in Children with Palatally Displaced Canines. Angle Orthod. gO09;79:796_799. 43 patients with Palatally Displaced Canines showed a link with distally inclined second mandibular pre-molars. Both groups had no previous orthodontics. Interestingly patients with this link had delayed tooth development. They suggest a “common genetic etiology”. JM thinks all three features due to constricted arches probably caused by poor posture.

Shah RM, Boyd MA, Vakil IT 1978. Studies of permanent tooth anomalies in 7886 Canadian individuals. J Can Dent Assoc. 1978;44: 262-264. Frequency of canine impaction 0.8% to 2.8%.1.

Shanker S., Ngan P., Wade D., Beck B., Yiu C., Hagg U, and Wei S.H.Y.  1996.  “Cephalometric A point changes during and after maxillary protraction and exansion”. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics.  110: 423-430.  Twenty five Class III children followed for 6 months treatment compared with 25 matched controls.  A point moved forward an average of 2.4mm.   A point in controls moved backwards by 0.1mm. There were “high standard deviation values” (0-4.5mm).  There was no post treatment relapse 12 months later.  What ages were they? Forward pull traction

Sharma K, Corruccini R. 1986. Genetic basis of dental occlusal variations in northwest Indian twins. European Journal of Orthodontics;8:91-97. 170 pairs of twins from twin registry of the Anthropology Dept at Panjab University, Chandigarh. Middle and upper socio-economic level, mixed sex 23MZ and 35DZ taken. Age 11 to 27. “Our results show a greater environmental than genetic determination for these occlusal variations,…”.  “ Non randomenvironmental effects, of familial origin and associated with twin pair variance and possibly with sibling covariance, were not removed from analysis in these earlier genetic studies (Potter, Corrunccini and Green, 1981)”.  During early growth “the muscular balance achieved by the lips, cheeks and tongue may be disturbed by abnormal or habitual behavior patterns” (perhaps shared in families).

Sharp Richard Asthma rises when house insulation improves. The presence of mould was unable to fully explain the study’s findings however, with poorly ventilated homes also likely to increase people’s exposure to other biological, chemical and physical contaminants. The study pointed to other possible factors which can affect health in homes with high humidity, such as house dust mites and bacteria.

Richard Sharp from Bristol. info@ecehh.org Awaiting reference

Shaw W, The influence of children’s Dento-facial appearance on their social attractiveness as judged by peers and lay adults.  American Journal of Orthodontics. 1981; 79:399-415.

Shaw W C, Asher-McDade A, Brallstrom V, Dahl E, McWilliam J, Molsted K, Plint D A, Prahl-Andersen B and Semb G. 1992. A six centre international study of treatment outcomes in patients with cleft lip and palate: part 1 principals and study design. Cleft Palate CraniioFacial Journal 29: 393-397.

Shaw W C, Roberts CT, and Semb G. 1996. Evaluating treatment alternatives. Pub in Turvey TA Vig KWL and Fonseca RJ.  Principals and management of facial clefting disorders and craniosynostosis, Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co.  Recomends ranking subjects pairwise.  

Shaw, W C, 2000. How relevant is the evidence based process to Orthodntics? Evidenced Based Dentistry 2: pages 7-8.  “Sadly it is hard to see this situation change unless the inadequacy of current knowledge is acknowledged by its practitioners”.

Shaw WC, Richmond S, Pilly R, Mohlin B and Tatarunaite E. Twenty year cohort study of the effects of malocclusion and the effectiveness of orthodontic treatment. From an initial group of over 1000 Cardiff schoolchildren in 1981, 337 returned in 2001 for assessment twenty years later. Records of the occlusion, dentofacial appearance, periodontal health, caries experience, temporo-mandibular function, social-psychological status, and general health were obtained by the same multidisciplinary team in 1981, 1985, 1989, and 2001. The observations were analysed in respect of the presence/absence of malocclusion and the receipt/non-receipt of orthodontic treatment. Orthodontics was found to be of only “marginal benefit”. (see also Kenealy)

Howells D J, and Shaw W C 1985. The validity and reliability of ratings of dental and facial attractiveness for epidemiological use. American Journal of Orthodontics 88: 402-408. Found that good reliability was achieved with a 2 person panel but more would improve reliability.

Shell TL, and Woods MG.. 2003. Perception of Facial Esthetics: A Comparison of Similar Class 11 Cases Treated with Attempted Growth Modification or Later Orthognathic Surgery. Angle Orthod;73:365-373. 60 Class 11 division 1 patients: 28 patients treated during the active growth phase (JM says 12 to 14??) with an activator and fixed appliances and 32 patients treated at the completion of growth with fixed appliances and by orthognathic surgery “In the surgery group, 22 of 32 patients had higher esthetic scores after treatment(69%)., with the remaining 10 patients having lower esthetic scores In the growth-modification group, 21 of 28 patients had higher esthetic scores and seven had lower esthetic scores after treatment” 75%. “Outcome in many Class 11 division 1 patients may well be just as favorable, regardless of whether they are managed early during the growth phase or later, at the completion of growth by orthognathic surgery”. JM notes that all received fixed. appearance.

SheIIy AD,  Southard TE, Southard KA, Casko JS, Jakobsen JR, Fridrich KL, and Mergen JL..~2000. Evaluation of profile esthetic change with mandibular advancement surgery. 34 patients who had been treated with orthodontics and mandibular advancement surgery. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 117:630-637. “If improved profile esthetics are a desired outcome, an initial ANB angle of at least 6 degrees is recommended.  Under this, half of the cases looked worse JM presumes because deep bites lengthen face.

Shoman K, Sato Y, Nishikawal E, Kudo Y, Yamamoto T, and lida J. Evaluation of the effectiveness of intermittent mechanical pressure with short loadingduration: new type of intermittent force for orthodontic treatment. “Since it is difficult to precisely control the magnitude of force in orthodontic practice, controlling the duration of force is expected to prevent tissue damage. Quoted 

Silvester, Christopher Martin; (2021) A Dental Revolution? The intriguing effects of the profound social and dietary changes of the 18/19th centuries on the masticatory system. Doctoral thesis (Ph.D), UCL (University College London. The research confirms the fundamental role food properties play in shaping mastication and, consequently, addresses the underlying mechanism responsible for the changes in occlusion and jaw morphology that have occurred over the past three centuries.

Singh, G.D., McNamara J.A. and Lozanoff, S.  1997  “Thin-plate spline analysis of the cranial base in subjects with Class III malocclusion”. European Journal of Orthodontics.  19: 341-353. Seventy-three class III patients compared with 69 class I patients.  “Large spatial-scale deformations affect the posterior region of the cranial base and the body of the sphenoid”. X-rays

Singh G D, McNamara JA Jr, Lozanoff S. Morphometry of the cranial base in subjects with Class III malocclusion. J Dent Res. 1997;76:694-703. Found horizontal compression of the posterior cranial base with marked local deformation in the basion and articulare area.

Singh GD, and Clark WJ. 2003. Soft tissue changes in patients with Class 11 division 1 malocclusions treated using Twin Block appliances: finite-element scaling analysis. European Journal of Orthodontics 25:225-230. Findings “… for Class II malocclusions a less pronounced labiomental groove is associated with using TBAs, which may provide a more effective anterior lip seal. Spline

Sípek A, Gregor V, Sípek A Jr, Horácek J, Klaschka J, Skibová J, Langhammer P, Petrzílková L, Wiesnerová J. 2009. Birth defects in the Czech Republic in 1994—2007. Ceska Gynekol. 2009 Feb;74(1):31-44. During 1994-2007 period, totally 1,353,040 children were born on the area of the Czech Republic, out of which 44,343 with a birth defect. Congenital Abnormalities. Genetic deformity. Equals apx 3.3%

Sjogren P and Hailing A. 2002. How good is the reporting of Randomised Clinical Trials? Br Dent J. 2002; 192: 100-103 “The quality of RCTs published was generally inadequate.”

Skieller V. 1964 Expansion of the mid-palatal suture by removable plates analysed by the implant method. Transactions of the European Orthodontic Society. Pp143-158. Showed between one third and one half was retained. Bone stayed teeth relapsed. “growth in the median suture of the palate is the most dominant feature of growth in maxillary width, exceeding the increase in width of the dental arch” (Bjork and Skieller, 1976).

Sletten DW, Smith BM, Southard KA, Casko JS and Southard TE. 2003 Retained deciduous mandibular molars in adults: A radiographic study of long-term changes. AJO & DO 124:625-630. “Retaining healthy deciduous mandibular second molars is a viable treatment alternative”.

Smithpeter J and Covell D. 2010. Relapse of anterior open bites treated with orthodontic appliances with and without orofacial myofunctional therapy (OMT). Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 137:605-14. This study demonstrated that OMT in conjunction with orthodontic treatment was highly effective in maintaining closure of anterior open bites compared with orthodontic treatment alone. The conclusions are probably sound but the cases were partly selected. Myotherapy, oral myology.

Soh J, Chew MT, and Wong HB. Singapore. 2005. Professional assessment of facial profile attractiveness. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2005;128: 201-5 “Orthodontists considered a flatter male profile to be most attractive, but oral surgeons preferred a fuller normal Chinese profile”. 

Solow B 1981 “The Dento-Alveolar compensating mechanism”.  British Journal of Orthodontics.  7; 145-161. (F damage)

Solow B and Sandham A, 2002. Cranio-cervical posture: a factor in the development and function of the dentofacial structures. European Journal of Orthodontics, 24: 447-456.

Song F, Landes D.P., Glenny A.M., Sheldon TA.  Prophylactic removal of impacted third molars: an assessment of published reviews Bt. Dental Journal 1997: 182: 339-346.  (Found almost all young adults faced a decision of whether to have their third molars extracted or not)

Sonnesen, L and Kjrer I. 2007 Cervical vertebral body fusions in patients with skeletal deep bite. European Journal of Orthodontics 29: 464-470. Aarhus. 41 adult patients with a skeletal deep bite. Adult control group consisting of 21 subjects. None had ortho. “In the deep bite group, 41.5 per cent had fusion between C2 and C3 cervical vertebrae”. “Morphological deviations of the cervical column occurred significantly more often in the deep bite group compared with the control group”. JM notes The cranial base angle was higher in the deep bite cases: the reverse of most conventional thinking. Facial angle maxilla vertical

Souki BJ, Lopes LB, Pereira PB, Franco LP, Becker HM, Oliveira DD. ‘Mouth breathing children and cephalometric pattern: does the stage of dental development matter? Int J Pedriatr  Otorhinolaryngol 2012:76(6):837-41. Cephs of 126 mouth breathing children compared with 126 nasal breathing controls. Divided into two groups age 4y.8m and 7y 9m. “Mouth breathing children in the mixed dentition have smaller mandibles” “In the primary dentition the lower facial height is higher in Mouth Breathing than Nasal Breathing children”. Open mouth lip seal.

Springate. S.D A re-investigation of the relationship between head posture and craniofacial growth. European Journal of Orthodontics 2012; 34: 2012, 397–409. “The anterior wall of the oropharynx (formed by the most infero-posterior part of the dorsum of the tongue) tended to move posteriorly (relative to the posterior edge of the mandibular ramus) as the postural position of the tongue was lowered“.

Squires,R, & Mew,J.R.C. 1981 “The relationship between facial structure and personality characteristics.”  British Journal of Social  Psychology.  20: 151-160. (One of the only studies ever to show a relationship between facial form and personality). vertical

Stahl F, Grabowski R, and Wigger K. 2003. Epidemiological Significance of Hoffmeister’s “Genetically Determined Predisposition to Disturbed Development of the Dentition”orthodontic findings in 4208 patients. J Orofac Orthop;64:243-55. 4208 patients were assessed for characteristic symptoms. “30.8% were found to have one or more symptoms of genetically determined predisposition to disturbed development”. “The most frequent symptoms were atypical position of tooth buds (12.2%), absence of tooth buds of permanent teeth (9.2%), and displaced teeth (7.0%). 73.5% of the patients had only one symptom, and 26.5% two or more. JM comments how can they allow for disruption of the dental lamina as a result of adverse growth of environmental origin? To write new paper around this and Ben-basat Y, and  Brin I.2003 AJO 124:521-525. ***********************************************************************

Stahl F, Baccetti T, Franchi L, and McNamara J A. Longitudinal growth changes in untreated subjects with Class 11 Division 1 malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2008; 134:125-37. Rather unexpectedly this study compared 17 untreated Class II div 1 subjects with normal class Is. Results: Craniofacial growth in subjects with untreated Class 11 mal occlusion is essentially similar to that in untreated subjects with normal occlusion at all developmental intervals, with the exception of significantly smaller increases in mandibular length (P <0.001). They conclude “Class II dentoskeletal disharmony does not tend to self correct”. JM sure that the class IIs were growing more vertically but they don’t seem to have considered this. Long term changes – improve – worsen – spontaneous 

Steiner C C. Cephalometrics for you and me. American Journal of Orthodontics. 1953;39:729-55. “I am interested in but not greatly concerned about the angle SNA, because it merely shows whether the face protrudes or retrudes below the skull”. He interchanges the words ‘average’ and ‘our standard’. The maxilla and mandible of the cases he treated both became more retruded.

Steinnes, J, Johnsen G, and Kerosuo H.

1

 Stability of orthodontic treatment outcome in relation to retention status: An 8-year follow-up. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2017; 151:1027-33. Pretreatment crowding of 4 mm. 67 patients participated, 24 men and 43 women, with a mean age of 24.7 years. Little’s irregularity index. All participants had received a retainer in the mandible, maxilla, or both. The majority (78%) of participants still had a fixed retainer at T2. The relapse according to the PAR did not differ significantly between participants with and without a retainer at T2. However the irregularity of the mandibular incisors increased almost 3 times more in participants with no retainer in the mandible compared with those with an intact retainer. Conclusions: “Occlusal relapse can be expected after active orthodontic treatment irrespective of long-term use of fixed retainers”. “In the maxilla a fixed retainer may not make any difference in the long term”. Retention relapse.

Stellzig AS, Basdra EK, Kube C. and Komposch G. 1999  “Extraction Therapy in Patients with Class II/2 Malocclusion”. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics. 60:39-52.  This paper appears to have had the objective of showing that second molar extraction is preferable to pre-molar extraction and found that “extraction of 60% of the lower third molars was considered necessary after pre-molar extractions”.  However the E-line measurements (growth direction) would suggest that both types of extraction treatment damage the facial aesthetics more than the non extraction controls. (F damage) Wisdoms

Stenvik A, Espeland L and Berg RE. A 57-year follow-up of occlusal changes, oral health, and attitudes toward teeth. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011 ;139:81 02-8. Very few studies have addressed long-term development and risks associated with untreated malocclusion. 2349 8-year-olds in 1950. 183 were invited to re-attend and 38% (69) reviewed in 2007. “Malocclusion remained the same or worsened except in subjects having deep bite in childhood (good motor tone?), which in some improved and in others became worse”.“Crowding generally increased”. “Individuals with normal occlusion responded favorably to all questions related to attitudes and experiences about their teeth, while responses in the malocclusion groups varied”. JM concludes ‘people with good shaped faces have better attitudes’.

Stevens CD.  1988. “Spontaneous changes following planned extractions in the lower arch”.  Presented at the British Orthodontic Conference, Glascow.  A comparison of two groups treated with lower premolar extractions.  One group treated with appliances while in the other the spaces had been allowed to close naturally.  Both groups experienced a reduction in arch length and some recurrent crowding, but this was worse in the treated group presumably because the residual spacing had been closed.  The amount of space closure also seemed to be related to an increase in face height. (see follow up by Swessi below)

Storey, E.  “Tissue Response to the Movement of Bones”.  Am. J. Orthod. 64. 229-247. 1973.Found 1mm per week expansion was most physiologically appropriate, caused less damage than rapid expansion and was more effective than slow.

Street M, Terberger T and Orschiedt J. A critical review of the German Paleolithic hominin record. Journal of Human Evolution 2006: 51; 551-579.

Struji M, Anic-Milosevic S, Mestrovic S, and Slaj M. 2009. Tooth size discrepancy in orthodontic patients among different malocclusion groups. European Journal of Orthodontics 31: 584-589. Zagreb, Croatia . 301 nine year old subjects. “Mandibular tooth size excess with Class III and maxillary tooth size excess in Class 11”. JM thinks this supports idea that tooth size relates to compression or space for tooth buds. Suppression missing teeth, anodontia 

Suri L, Gagari E and Vastardis H. 2004. Delayed tooth eruption: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. A literature review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop;126:432-45. Long discussion but no mention of ‘tongue’.

Suri S, Ross RB, and Bryan D. 2010. Craniofacial morphology and adolescent facial growth in Pierre Robin sequence. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 137:763-74. To analyzecraniofacial morphology and adolescent facial growth in subjects with Pierre Robin sequence (PRS). 34 Caucasian subjects compared to ‘unaffected’. Natural growth from 11.8 years to 16.6. “PRS group showing smaller cranial base length, shorter maxillary and mandibular lengths, increased palatal and mandibular plane inclinations, and more open mandibular flexure”. During growth “The maxilla and the mandible remained retrusive during adolescent growth” and “mandible showed less closure of its internal flexure”. “The maxilla became more retrognathic”. JM is sure that it is caused by intrauterine pressure and would catch up if posture was right.*

Swessi DW, & Stephens CD. “The spontaneous effects of lower first pre-molar extraction on the mesio-distal angulation of adjacent teeth”  EJO. 15: 503-511.1993.  A follow up of 20 patients who received extractions without appliances.  After an initial tilt towards the extraction space the teeth subsequently tended to upright.  One might wonder how this can occur when all the natural forces of mastication would tend to increase the tilt. This might suggest that teeth have an innate ability to correct their angulation given the freedom to do so.

Sykes B. 2001. The Seven Daughters of Eve. Bantan Press. “The ‘Y’ chromosome is passed form fathers to sons with little or no change over the generations”.  By analysing the mitochondrial DNA we can say that “virtually all 650 million Europeans are the direct descendants of just seven women over the last 45,000 years”.  Genetics, Genes, Inheritance

Tanabe Y, Taguhi Y and Noda T. 2002. Relationship between cranial base structure and maxillo-facial components in children aged 3-5 years. European Journal of Orthodontics 24:175-122 children with normal occlusion. “The antero-posterior location of the maxillo-facial components corresponded to the NSAr angle” (which varied between 119 and 131 degrees).  This model showed that the SN length increased1mm for every 10 degrees reduction of NSAr.

Taner TU, Cider, S,& Sencift Y. 1999. Evaluation of apical root resorption following extraction therapy in subjects with Class I and Class II malocclusions. “There was a mean of approximately 1mm (P<0.01) of apical root shortening in class I patients but in class II subjects the mean root resorption was more than 2mm (P<0.001). The SD was 1.94 which means that ?% of the patients would have had 4mm of resorption.

Tanimoto K, Suzuki A, Nakatani Y, Yanagida T, Tanne Y, Tanaka E and Tanne K. 2008. A case of anterior open bite with severely narrowed maxillary dental arch and hypertrophic palatine tonsils. Journal of Orthodontics, 35: 5-15. 2008. “Speculated that some external factors such as orthodontic treatment (in particular RME) and reductions in oral habits might have contributed to the reduction in the size of tonsils and improvement of the oro-pharyngeal airway”.

Taspinar F, Ocuncu, H and Bishara S. 2003. Rapid Maxillary Expansion and Conductive Hearing Loss. Angle Orth. 73:669-673. 35 subjects. Significant changes occurred in both the hearing levels and air-bone gaps. These improvements were maintained two years after active treatment.

Taylor KR, Kiyak A, Huang G J, Greenlee G M, Jolley C J and King G J. Effects of malocclusion and its treatment on the quality of life (QoL) of adolescents. 2009. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop136:382-92. 293 participants aged 11 to 14. Conclusions: Malocclusion and orthodontic treatment do not appear to affect general or oral health QoL to a measurable degree. Value benefit 

Tedesco,LA., Albino,J.E., Cunat,J.J., Green,L.J., Lewis,E.A., and Slakter,M.J. 1983. “A Dental-facial attractiveness scale”.  American Journal of Orthodontics. 83:38-43.  “Lay judges seem to be more sensitive than judges with orthodontic training to dental-facial esthetic impairment“(F damage)

Theodorou C I, Kuijpers-Jagtman A.M, Bronkhorst E.M, and Wagenere F. 2019. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. Optimal force magnitude for bodily orthodontic tooth movement with fixed appliances: A systematic review. 2019; 156: 582-592.

Showe ‘ideal’ rate of bodily movement was with a force of 50 and 100 grams.

Thilander B & Lennartsson B. 2002. J Orofac Orthop; 63:371-83. A Study of Children with Unilateral Posterior Crossbite, Treated and Untreated, in the Deciduous Dentition. Occlusal and Skeletal Characteristics of Significance in Predicting the Long-term Outcome. A comparative study of crossbites treated by grinding or not. See JM letter.

Thomson.E.M. 1988 “Another family with the Habsburg jaw”.  Journal of Medical Genetics”. 25: 838-42.  They may have suffered from “craniosynostosis which could provide an equally valid, and genetically more rational, explanation for the inherited maxillary hypo-plasia”.

Timms DJ, and Moss JP. (see Moss) An histological investigation into the effects of rapid maxillary expansion on the teeth and their supporting tissuesShowed severe damage to PM and roots.

Timms D J, Rapid Maxillary Expansion in the treatment of nocturnal enuresis. Angle Orthod. 1990; 60::229-33. One of the first studies. “Only recently have sleep laboratory investigations presented a clearer picture of the aetiology of nocturnal enuresis”. “In the ten cases examined in this study, nocturnal enuresis ceased”.

Tomer,B.S. & Harvold E.P. 1982 “Primate experiments on mandibular growth direction.”  American Journal of Orthodontics.82:114-119.  (Showed major malocclusion developed if posture was altered).

Toth LR, and McNamara JA. 1999. Treatment effects produced by the twin-block appliance and the FR2 appliance of Frankel compared with an untreated Class II sample.  The American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics116:997-609.  40 were selected for the Twin-block group from private practices and graduate students “regardless of treatment results or patient compliance”.  40 more were ‘identified’ from a larger study of Frankel patients excluding “patients who were judged to have demonstrated very poor co-operation”.  40 untreated controls were selected from the Michigan Growth Study. Findings 1/ “Statistically significant increases in mandibular length were observed in both treated groups”  2/ “No significant restriction of maxillary growth was observed in either functional appliance group”.  3/ “Compared with controls, a significant increase in lower anterior facial height was evident in both of the treatment groups”. “Vertical increase in the Twin-block patients was significantly greater than in the FR-2 group”. JM comments that many of the Standard Deviations were greater than the mean changes.

Trakyali G, Sayrnsu K, Muezzinoglu A E and Arun T. Conscious hypnosis as a method for patient motivation in cervical headgear wear-a pilot study. European Journal of Orthodontics 2008. 30: 147-152. 15 subjects and 15 controls wearing Head gear for class II div 1. “A statistically significant decrease in headgear wear was observed in the control group from the first to the sixth month”. However, there was no significant decrease in the hypnosis group.

Trenouth, M.J., Mew. J.  1997.  “A Cephalometric Evaluation of Four Different Methods of Orthodontic Treatment”.  The Journal of the Cranio Group and the Society for the Study of Craniomandibular Disorders.  6: 16-24.     “Four groups of 10 patients with Class II division 1 malocclusions were evaluated”.  “All patient groups were composed of consecutively treated cases with no attempt at selection.”  “In the Removable appliance group the overjet was reduced purely by upper incisor tipping.  In the Andresen and Twin Block appliance groups the overjet was reduced by a combination of upper incisor tipping together with correction of the maxillary and mandibular dental bases. In the Bioblock group the overjet was reduced purely by correction of the mandibular dental base.”  ILLUSTRATIONS FILED IN CORAL DRAW

Trenouth, M.J and Timms DJ.  Relationship of the functional oropharynx to craniofacial morphology 1999. A random sample of 82 British schoolchildren.  The Angle Orthodontist. 69:419-423. “Oropharyngeal size was positively correlated with  1/The length of the mandible 2/The distance between the third cervical vertebra and the Hyoid bone.  3/The cranial base angle.”  The range of SNBa was 118 to 139. With a mean of 130 and a SD of 4.92.

Trenouth, M.J.  2000. Muscle response to the twin block appliance. Letter to AJO & DO.117:25A. In reply to article by Kharbanda et al (1999 116: 405-414). Points out that there was little change shown in muscle force and “Insertion of a twin Block appliance will induce muscle reprogramming and result in postural adaption which in turn will lead to a growth response”.

Trenouth, M.J.  Mew J.R.C and Gibbs W.W. 2001. A cephalometric evaluation of the Biobloc technique using matched normative date. German Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics. 62:466-475. “The greater skeletal response of the Biobloc over other functional appliances can be explained by its unique design in particular the mylohyoid locks projecting lingually”  “The Biobloc appliance reduced the overjet purely by sagittal correction”. “The ANB correction was entirely due to increase in SNB, due to forward positioning of the mandible”.

Trotman, C., McNamara,J, Dibbets,J, & Th van der Weele, L.  1997. “Association of lip posture and the dimensions of the tonsils and sagital airway with facial morphology”. Angle Orthodontist. 67:425-432. “A more open lip posture was associated with a downward and backward rotation of the maxilla and mandible a more obtuse gonial angle, a retruded mandible, with retroclined incisors, extruded maxillary molars and maxillary and mandibular incisors, and an elongated total face height caused mainly by a larger anterior face height”  “Because the sella-nasion dimension shortened proportionately, the SNA and SNB angles were not affected”. This explains why many conventional Xray tracings do not show maxillary retrusion (F damage) mouth. Vertical

Torlakovl L and Fcerovig E. Age-related changes of the soft tissue profile from the second to the fourth decades of life. Angle Orthod. 2011 ;81 :50-57. 56 Norwegians Superimposed on Bjork’s Landmarks. Over twenty years “The upper facial profile was displaced in the anterior direction and the whole profile was displaced inferiorly for both sexes”. JM notes that the nose tip and pogonion went down and forward and suspects that the cranial base tilted up giving the superimposition a forward component that did not exist.

Townend, B.R. “The comedy of expansion and the tragedy of relapse”. Dent. Mag. Oral Topics 72: 153-166. 1955.

Tsagkrasoulis D, Hysi P, Spector T & Montana G. Heritability maps of human face morphology through large-scale automated three-dimensional phenotyping. Sci. rep. 7, 45885; doi: 10.1038/srep45885 (2017). “Since the mid-twentieth century, anthropometric scientific research on parent-offspring resemblance and twin concordance has confirmed that variation in human face morphology is driven by genetics”. This study was done by mathematicians to settle previous differences between clinicians about the heritability of facial form. They quote that 8 previous studies “reported low correlation (< 0.4) between heritability estimates for commonly examined traits such as head circumference, facial height and nose width”. They claim “This is the first time that such a detailed and comprehensive evaluation of facial shape heritability has been investigated using a large cohort and 3D data capture technology”. Finally they identified a number of highly heritable facial features.butconcluded that those related to facial length were similar to previous studies. JM says facial length is obviously environmental.

Tsiouli K, Topouzelis K, Papadopoulos M A and Gkantidis N. Perceived facial changes of Class 11 Division 1 patients with convex profiles after Twin Block appliances followed by fixed orthodontic appliances. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2017;152:80-91. Pretreatment and posttreatment profile photographs of 12 Class II Division 1 patients treated with activators, 12 Class II Division 1 patients treated with Twin-block appliances, and 12 controls with normal profiles treated without functional appliances were presented in pairs to 10 orthodontists, 10 patients, 10 parents, and 10 laypersons. As is usual the Intrarater reliability was strong (ie the judges agreed on the facial appearance). Conclusion.”The improvements of the facial profiles were quite limited”. JM thinks because too much vertical growth.

Tulloch,J.F.C., Phillips, C., and Profitt, W.R. 1998  “Benefit of early Class II treatment: Progress report of a two-phase randomized clinical trial”.   American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. Volume 113:62-72.   One hudred and forty seven pre-adolescent children with overjet greater than 7mm were randomly assigned to observation,headgear or bionator and monitored for 15 months.  Of the controls “5% showed considerable improvement and 15% demonstrated worsening”  “There were wide variations in response, however, with only 75% of the treated children showing favourable skeletal response.  Failure to respond favourably could not be explained by lack of cooperation alone.”  JM comments no expansion was used for the bionator cases and there was little difference in the overall results.  They comment “Differences in patient compliance, clinical proficiency, and probably, other (yet-unidentified) clinical factors also must affect treatment outcomes.” – what about open mouth? RCT

Tulloch,C. British Orthodontic Conference Torquay 1998.  Success and Failure of Class I Correction Related to Age and Malocclusion severity.  “Beware the patient with the vertical growth pattern.” (F damage)

Tulloch UFC, Proffit WR, and Phillips, C. 2004. Outcomes in a 2-phase randomized clinical trial of early Class II treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 125:657-67 A 2-phased, parallel, randomized trial of early versus later treatment for 166 Class II malocclusions. “We were so impressed with the progress of the children receiving early treatment that we discussed whether it was ethical to deny the control children”. “The differences created disappeared when both groups received comprehensive fixed appliance treatment”. “This suggests that 2-phase treatment started before adolescence might be no more clinically effective than 1-phase treatment started during adolescence”. RCT

Turnbull NR, and Robinson SN. Are we extracting too many teeth?  European Orthodontic Congress 2002. Hospital and specialist practitioner orthodontists in the region were requested to record 20 consecutively treated finished cases The response rate was approximately 50 per cent. The survey included 458 patients undergoing treatment, with 59 per cent being female. The average age was 14 years, and 90 per cent of the cases ‘were assessed as IOTN 4/5. Extractions accounted for 57%.

Turner George. 2003. How are new species formed? New Scientist June 14 P36-37. “Founder effect” is when a pregnant mum is put on an isolated island. “No new species has formed as a result of humans releasing small numbers of organisms into alien environments”“Hybridisation might actually be a creative process, churning out new species”. Evolution

Tweed C H. 1944. Indications for the extraction of teeth in orthodontic procedures.  American Journal of Orthodontics. August 1944.

Uehara S, Maeda A, Tomonarl H, Miyawaki S. Relationships between the root-crown ratio and the loss of occlusal contact and high mandibular plane angle in patients with open bite. Angle Orthod. 2013;83:36-42. Thirty-one patients with open bite.  Patients with open bite, especially those with a high Mp angle, have an unfavorable 4 RIC ratio and short dental roots in some teeth. JM sure due to T-B-T but tongue not mentioned in paper.  JM wrote to Miya…

Ueno H, Behrents RG, Ollver DR Buschanq PH.- Mandibular rotation during the transitional dentition. Angle Orthod. 2013;83:29-35. Between the age of 6 and 8. 25 males and 25 females Significant amounts of true mandibular rotation takes place between childhood and adolescence, but this is “mostly masked by angular remodelling, resulting in limited amounts of apparent rotation”.

Unger,R. Hilderbrand,M. and Mader,T.  “Physical attractiveness and assumptions about social deviance”.  Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.  8:293-301.  1982.

United States Health and Human Services Department. “Orthodontics has become the largest single item of normal expense that parents can expect to encounter in raising a child”. (prior to college).  Corruccini R,1999. How Anthropology informs the orthodontic diagnosis of malocclusion’s causes.   Edwin Mellen Press Lewiston.(cost)

Usumeza S, Iseri_H, Orhana M, and Basciftcia FA. 2003  Effect of Rapid Maxillary Expansion on Nocturnal Enuresis. Angle Orth 73:532-538. “RME treatment could cause relief for the enuretic children”. “However, the long-term success rate is still questionable”.

Usumez S, UysalT, .Sari Z, Basciftci F A, Karaman A I, and Guray E.2004. The Effects of Early Preorthodontic Trainer Treatment on Class II, Division 1 Patients. Angle Orthod 2004; 74:605-609. Twenty patients (10 girls and 10 boys, mean age 9.6 :t 1.3 years) with a Class II, division 1 malocclusion were treated with preorthodontic trainer appliances (Myofunctional Research Co., Queensland, Australia Flutter and Farrel). The patients were instructed to use the trainer every day for one hour and overnight while they slept. A control group of 20. Only total facial height increase, lower incisor proclination, and overjet reduction were significantly higher.

Uzel, Uzel & Toroglu. Angle Orth 77:694-700 2007. An article demonstrating a method of fitting a chin cap to an appliance. Jm wants to try a version with a tube attached to the upper appliance and connected via a slide to the chin cap for correction of class III.

Vaden JL, and Riolo ML. 2009. How can the specialty establish a standard of care? American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 136: 497-500. “There are no comprehensive data of the epidemiologic variability of malocclusions treated in practice, treatment methods used, various appliances used, length of treatments, treatment phases used,starting ages, fees, and so on”. “Nor has a study been done of treatment methods and outcomes for even the most serious malocclusion types”. “Our specialty has not used randomized clinical trials composed of practice-based outcomes assessments to (1) analyze treatment outcomes, (2) compare the efficacy of various methods, (3) assess the efficacy of various methods, (4) assess the treatment success of significant malocclusions, (5) establish the variability of dentists’ treatment goals, or (6) assess the variability of the correction of various aspects of malocclusions toward normal^”. 

^“In general, patients have a poor understanding of orthodontic treatment and the result that should be expected”. “Build intellectual bridges between basic scientists and clinicians”. “Group research and multi-center research leads to quicker results that are more universally applicable. Group research has been done in the past. In medicine, it has proven necessary to do clinical research at several locations to speed the process and vary the test sites. The same is needed in orthodontics.

Varreia, J. and Alanen, P.. 1995. Prevention. and early treatment in orthodontics. International Association of Dental Research. October.  Revew article.  ”Thus identification, control and guidance of environmental factors which regulate the growth of the jaws and other cranio-facial structures would be the main target in an attempt to establish preventive or intervention programs in orthodontics”.  “The normal effect of outbreading is to decrease rather than increase phenotype variation”.  “It can therefore be concluded that preventive measures or interceptive interventions in orthodontics should aim at ensuring that normal function of the orofacial musculature are developed and maintained during cranio-facialgrowth”.

Vaughn G A, Mason B, Moon H-B, and Turley P K. 2005. The effects of maxillary protraction therapy with or without rapid palatal expansion: A prospective, randomized clinical trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2005; 128:299-309. Methods: Forty-six children aged 5 to 10 years were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: (1) facemask with palatal expansion, (2) facemask without  palatal expansion. (3)observation for 12 months. Fixed banded rapid expansion at 3.5mm pw. Results Significant treatment effects beyond normal Class III growth. No significant differences between expansion and non-expansion groups in any measured variable. JM says shame they did not try semi-rapid. RCT

Viecilli, R.F., Kar-Kuri, M.H., Varriale, J., Budiman, A. and Janal, M. (2013) Effects of initial stresses and time on orthodontic external root resorption. Journal of Dental Research, 92, 346-351.​ Suggests root resorption is difficult to avoid.

Vig,P.S. Sarver,D.M. Hall,D.J.& Warren,B.N. 1981 “Quantitative evaluation of airflow in relation to facial morphology”.  American Journal of Orthodontics.  79; 273-272.

Vig, P.S. “Experimental Manipulation of Head Posture”. Am. J. Orthod. 77. 258-268. 1989.

Volk J, Kadivec M, Music M M, and Ovsenlk M. Three-dimensional ultrasound diagnostics of tongue posture in children with unilateral posterior crossbite. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2010; 138:608-12: “Incorrect tongue posture on the mouth floor is important in the etiology of unilateral posterior crossbite”. “Aim of this study was to objectively assess tongue posture in children with unilateral posterior crossbite and those with normal deciduous dentition by using 3-dimensional (3D) ultrasonography”. 27 crossbites and 23 normal. “The tongue postured on the palate displays distinctive convexity of the tongue dorsum, whereas, in the 3D reconstruction with the tongue postured on the mouth floor, the dorsum is characterized by a central groove and expressed concavity”. “Posture on the mouth floor was demonstrated by 81.5% of the children with unilateral posterior crossbite and by only 34.8% of those with normal deciduous dentition”. See illustrations 

Voudouris JC, Woodside DG, Altuna G, Angelopoulos G, Bourque PJ, and Lacouture CY.2003. Condyle-fossa modifications and muscle interactions during Herbst treatment, Part 2. Results and conclusions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2003;124:13-29. An implant study on monkeys. “The potential for condylar growth in juvenile non-human primates in the mixed dentition to induce increased mandibular length appears to be great”. “Functional Matrix Theory was vague and largely unproven”. “Functional appliances might more appropriately be considered to be Dentofacial Orthopedic Appliances”. “The fossa has been shown in control humans to grow in a posterior direction”. Increased mandibula growth might require a continuous anterior repositioning”. “As muscle activity decreased bone formation increased”. “Adaptive capacity of adolescent and adult monkeys limited to the glenoid fossa”. (See illustration John Mew/graphics/ Voudouris) .Young Adolescent. 

Vucic S, Dhamo B, Kuijpers MAR, Jaddoe VWV,1-1ofman A, Wolvius EB, OngkosuwitoEM. Craniofacial characteristics of children with mild hypodontia. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2016;150:61 1-9. “Our findings indicate that children with hypodontia have increased inter-incisal angles with retrusion of both maxillary and mandibular incisors”. In addition they “observed a tendency toward high-angle (hyperdivergent) facial patterns in the case of hypodontia especially prominent in anterior hypodontia.Missing teeth

Walpoff.W.H. 1975 ‘Determinants of mandibular form and growth’.  Centre for human growth and development. Michigan University. Ann Arbour. 34-37. 

Waring D T and Jones C. 2009. The Correction of a Severe High Angle Class III Case: An Update on Joint Orthognathic Treatment. Ortho Update 2009; 2: 102-108. It has been reported that 1.5 million people have malocclusions of a severity that would warrant treatment by a combined orthognathic approach. Extrapolation from the data, in a recent review article (Sandy JR, Irvine GH, Leach A. Update on orthognathic surgery. Dent Update 2001; 28: 337-345) suggested that the equivalent of 250,000 patients in the UK would require Orthognathic surgery to correct their malocclusion. Additionally, in the UK, a survey (Russell JI, Pearson AI, Bowden DE, Wright J, O’Brien KO. The Consultant Orthodontic Service – 1996 Survey. Br Dent J 1999; 187(3): 149-153.) revealed that 7% of a consultant Orthodontist’s workload is related to Orthodontic treatment in preparation for Orthognathictreatment.

Weiland F. 2003. Constant versus dissipating forces in orthodontics: the effect on initial toothmovement and root resorption. European Journal of Orthodontics 25:335-342. A clinical and confocal laser scanning microscopic study. SS wire on one side super-elastic on other. “The amount of root resorption was significantly larger in the superelastic group”.

Weissheimer A, Macedo de Menezes L, Mezomo M, Dlas DM, Santayana de Lima EM and Hizzatto SMD. Immediate effects of rapid maxillary expansion with Haas-type and hyrax-type expanders: Arn J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011 ;140:366-76. A randomized clinical trial 33 subjects mean age, 10.7 years. All patients had 8 mm RME. The hyrax-type expander produced greater orthopedic effects than did the Haas-type expander. JM surprised but Haas seemed out of contact with tissue.

Wells A P; Sarver D M; Proffit W R. 2007. Long-term Efficacy of Reverse Pull Headgear Therapy. Angle Orth. 75:915-922. Material 41 class III before and 5 years after treatment. 18 of them were re-assessed 10 years after treatment. “75% of the patients maintained positive overjet, whereas 25% outgrew the correction”. Downward backward growers were more likely to fail. Successful treatment decreased after age.10. Forward pull headgear. 

Wendell W. Neeley lI, Calogero Dolce, John P. Hatch, Joseph E. Van Sickels, and John D. Rugh. 2009. Relationship of body mass index to stability of mandibular advancement surgery with rigid fixation. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2009;136:175-84. 78 class I patients were divided into 3 groups (obese, overweight, and normal or thin). They were treated with mandibular advancement surgery (mean, 4.9 mm) with rigid fixation. “Obese and overweight patients experienced relatively greater relapse”. JM wonders if because they were fat or because they had poor posture.

Wertz F A 1970 Skeletal and dental changes accompanying rapid mid-palatal suture opening.  American Journal of Orthodontics. 56: 411-466. The maxilla moves forward when the maxilla is expanded. Rapid expansion.

Westerlund A,  Oikimoui C, Ransjo M, Ekestubbe A, Bresin A, and Lund H. Cone-beam computed tomographic evaluation of the long-term effects of orthodontic retainers on marginal bone levels. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2017; 151:74- 1. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether bonded orthodontic retainers have an adverse long-term effect on the marginal bone levels of the mandibular front teeth. 62 consecutive patients in 3 groups: (1) patients who underwent orthodontic treatment and wore a fixed retainer for 10 years, (2) patients who underwent orthodontic treatment but did not have a fixed retainer, and (3) untreated controls. Results: There was no difference in the marginal bone levels between the retainer group and the no-retainer group. The results demonstrated a significantly lower marginal bone level on the buccal side of the mandibular front teeth in the orthodontically treated patients compared with the orthodontically untreated group. JM’s opinion The retainers may have been necessary to retain the teeth but they might not have been needed if removable appliances had been used rather than fixed.

Wichelhaus A, Huffmeier S and Sander F. 2003. Dynamic Functional ForceMeasurmentsonan Anterior Bite Plain During the Night. J Orofacial-Orthopedics. Ten adults with full dentition. “Teeth can not be actively intruded by means of an anterior bite plane”. The overbite will not reduce unless “Measures are taken to elongate the posterior teeth”. 

Williamson, E.H., Hall J.T., & Zwemer, J.D.   1990 ‘Swallowing Patterns in Human Subjects with and Without Temporomandibular Dysfunction’.  American Journal of Orthodontics &. Dentofacial Orthopedics  98: 507-511.

Witmans, Manisha.   Growth  Symosium Edmonton September 2005    Sleep Apnea. Good material files in Papers drawer.

Wolfe SM. Arauio E, Behrents R G, Buschanq P H. 2011. Craniofacial growth of Class III subjects six to sixteen years of age. Angle Orthod. 2011 ;81 :211-216. Serial cephalograms of 19 females and 23 males with Class III malocclusion at three time points (6-8,10-12, and 14-16 years of age). Conclusion “Class III subjects worsens over time. AP discrepancies are primarily due to excessive mandibular growth, which produces a protrusive, hyperdivergent phenotype”. 

Woodsa M G. 2008. Sagittal mandibular changes with overbite correction in subjects with different mandibular growth directions: Late mixed-dentition treatment effects. Am J Orthod Dentofacial. Orthop 2008. 133: 388-94. 400 late mixed dentition deep bites were “gathered”? selected! And treated with fixed appliances. “In mesofacial and brachyfacial subjects, significantly greater forward movements were found at Point B after deep overbite correction than in dolichofacial subjects”. “Some patients in both the brachyfacial and the dolichofacial groups were apparently subsequently retreated with premolar extractions”. JM says ‘watch out for vertical growth’. Similar findings as Faure. 

Woodside, D.G. Metaxas,A. & Altuna,G. 1987 “Influence of functional appliance therapy on glenoid fossa remodelling”.    American Journal of Orhtodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics. 92:181-198.

Wortham J R, Dolce C, McGorray S P, Le H, King G J, and Wheeler T T. 2009. (Florida study). Comparison of arch dimension changes in I-phase vs 2-phase treatment of Class 11 malocclusion. Prospective randomized clinical trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2009; 136:65-74. During phase 1 treatment, 86 subjects were treated with a bionator, 93 were treated with headgear/biteplane, and 81 served as the observation group. For phase 2, all subjects were then treated with full orthodontic appliances. “There were no differences in arch dimensions after 1-phase or 2-phase treatment of Class 1I malocclusion”. JM notes ). “In phase 2, there were more subjects in the early treatment groups who elected no phase 2 treatment than in the control group”. “Fewer phase 2 extractions were performed in the early treatment groups than in the control”. RCT

Wieslander, L   1976, Early or Late Cervical Traction Therapy of Class II Malocclusions in the Mixed Dentition”.  American  Journal of  Orthodontics. 69:593. 1976

Wieslander, L.   1984 ‘Intensive Treatment of Severe Class II Malocclusion with a Headgear-Herbst Appliance in the Early Mixed Dentition’.  American Journal of Orthodontics. 86: 1-13.

Williams AC, Shah H et al. J Orthod 2005; 32: 191-202. Patients’ motivations for treatment and their experiences of orthodontic preparation for orthognathic surgery. 13 UK centres, 559 patients who had orthognathic surgery with related orthodontics. 326 responses. Median age24 yrs. After surgery, 36% wore appliances for longer than they had expected, and 23% were surprised at the need for retainers, and 9% found appliances very painful. JM says average 43% per unit, per year. Pain, max fact.

Williams, S. and Andersen, D.E.  1995  “Incisor stability in patients with anterior rotational mandibular growth”.  The Angle Orthodontist 65:431-442.   Forty two patients who received treatment involving proclination of the lower incisors selected on basis of named criteria.  “a posterior mandibular rotation was often observed during treatment, presumably as a result of treatment-induced tooth extrusion.”   “Proclination of mandibular incisors in selected cases leads to good results, although slight posttreatment relapse can be expected.”  There was “a large and unpredictable variation”.

Woodside D 1996  “Interceptive Orthodontics”  (European Orthodontic conference Brighton England. June 1996) “anything that causes facial lengthening will increase incisor crowding”.  He also said “Those faces which start to crowd after treatment are those whose faces have lengthened”.  Early treatment vertical 

Wuttig M. Stephan M,. Schoch M, and Hirschfelder U.  2000. Bite force magnitude. Masseter muscle thickness, and craniofacial morphology. European Journal of Orthodontics. 22: 461-462. Ninety-one normal subjects, 8 to 17 years of age. Ultrasound was used to measure the thickness of thc masseter muscle.   “The magnitude of bite force and masseter muscle thickness correlated with craniofacial growth pattern and age”.

Yagci A, Uysal T, Kara S and Okkesim S. 2010. The effects of myofunctional appliance treatment on the perioral and masticatory muscles in class 11 division 1 patients.  World J Orthod 2010;11 :117-122. Twenty children were treated with a Pre-orthodontic Trainer (Chris Farrell) worn for 1 hour a day and overnight. EMG recordings were made at the beginning and end of POT therapy during maximal clenching, swallowing, and sucking. Results: the EMG values for clenching of the anterior temporal, and the masseter muscles increased significantly. JM agrees this is good but the mentalis, and orbicularis oris also strengthened which JM thinks is bad.

Yamaguchi K, Kawanabe N, Tanaka E and Tanne K.2001.Reduction of the Hypocone of the Maxillary First Molar and Class III Malocclusion. Angle Orthod 2001;71:477-485.) The incidence of evolutionary changes of the maxillary molars in 4,892 Japanese patients. 59 patients presented with a defect of the distolingual cusp. They concluded “that an evolution change of the maxillary molar is related to the anteroposterior undergrowth of the maxilla”. JM sure no evidence for this and feels it is due to suppression of tooth buds by lack of space for environmental growth reasons. See also Anderson et al 1975 and Haruki et al 1997.

Ylltmaz BS, and Kucukkeles N. Skeletal, soft tissue, and airway changes following the alternate maxillary expansions and constrictions protocol. Angle Orthod 2014; 84:868-877. Objective: To evaluate the effects of the alternate maxillary expansions and constrictions (Alt-RAMEC) in prepubertal patients. 20 patients with Class III. Average 9y and 8m. Open 1 mm per day first week and close by 1 mm per day 2^nd week for 9 consecutive weeks. Conclusions: Slight forward movement of point A, and significant increase in the upper airway. Rapid expansion

You QL, and Hagg U.A comparison of three superimpoition methods. 1999.  European Journal of Orthodontics.21:717-725.  Compared Bjork’s structural, Ricketts’ four position, and Panchertz’s method. “There was no significant difference”.  “None of the three methods was suitable for individual assessment”.  

Young DV, Rinchuse DJ, Pierce CJ and ZulloT. 1999.  “The Craniofacial Morphology of Bruxers Versus non-Bruxers.  The Angle Orhtodontist 69: 14-18.  A selected group of 12 bruxers were compared with 28 non-bruxers.  “There was “no difference in the degree of dental overbite” possibly because of compensatory tooth wear.  Zygoma width was significantly greater in bruxers.

Yu JL, Tangutur A, Thuler E, Evans M, Dedhia RC. The role of craniofacial maldevelopment in the modern OSA epidemic: a scoping review. J Clin Sleep Med. 2022;18(4):1187–1202. Conclusion The studies in this review suggest that environmental factors are associated with changes in craniofacial development. However, most studies were heterogeneous and low-level studies.

Zaid B. Al-Bitar  ZB.Hamdan AM. Al-Omari IK.Naini HB. Gill DS, and  Al-Omiri MK.Angle Orth 2022;82: 240-246. Is self-harm among orthodontic patients related to dislike of dentofacial features and oral health-related quality of life? 699 school children (aged 13—14 years) Self-harm was assessed using a constructed self-reporting questionnaire. Results:High self-harm incidence was reported among participants who had dentofacial features that affected appearance (P < .001 ). Self-harm; Oral health-relate quality of life

Zettergren-Wijk L, Forsberg C_M and Linder-Aronson S. 2006. Changes in dentofacial morphology after adeno-/tonsillectomy in young children with obstructive sleep apnoea. A 5-year follow-u p study. European Journal of Orthodontics 28: 319-326. 2006. 17 OSA children age 5.6 years and treated with adeno-Itonsillectomy. The control 17 age- and gender-matchedchildren without breathing problems. “OSA children exhibited a more posteriorly inclined mandible (P < 0.05), a more anteriorly inclined maxilla (P < 0.001), a greater lower anterior face height (P < 0.01), a shorter anterior cranial base (P < 0.01), retroclined upper and lower incisors (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively), reduced airway space (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01), and a less pronounced nose (P < 0.05)”. “At 5 years post-treatment, there were no statistically significant differences between the groups except for the lengths of the anterior cranial base and the nose which were still shorter (P < 0.05) in the patient group”.JM wrote to Carl see ‘EJO Forsberg 2006’. In five years closed mouth subjects grew forward by 10mm.

Zhang Y, Xiao L, Juan L, and Zhao Z. Young People’s Esthetic Perception of Dental Midline Deviation. 2010. Midlines were altered digitally. Evaluated by young people with no dental training. Result. “The mean value for the threshold below which a deviation was judged ‘acceptable’ was 2.403 mm” “Gender and face type of midline deviation and the gender of the evaluator do affect the threshold below which they find the deviation acceptable.”

Zierhut EC, Joondeph DR, Artun J, and Little RM. 2000. Long-Term Profile Changes Associated with Successfully Treated Extraction and Nonextraction Class II Division 1 Malocclusions. Angle Orthodontist. 70:208-219. “If sound extraction decisions were made, there should be no differences between groups”. 63 Caucasian adolescents (23 extraction, 40 nonextraction). Class II correction was achieved with head Gear. . “Progressive flattening of the facial profile was observed in both samples, associated with continued mandibular growth and nasal development”.  As JM says it’s the treatment not the extractions. To find out if there was a control. Damage vertical